Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
J Virol. 2019 Mar 21;93(7). doi: 10.1128/JVI.01866-18. Print 2019 Apr 1.
Lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E) is a GPI-anchored, interferon-inducible protein that has been shown to modulate viral infection in a cell type-dependent manner. Our recent work showed that LY6E promotes HIV-1 infection in some high-CD4-expressing cells, including human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the SupT1 cell line. In this work, we provide evidence that LY6E inhibits HIV-1 entry and spread in low-CD4-expressing Jurkat cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) through downregulation of the viral receptor CD4. We found that knockdown of LY6E in Jurkat cells and MDMs increases HIV-1 infection, yet overexpression of LY6E in Jurkat cells inhibits HIV-1 entry and replication. LY6E was found to be colocalized with CD4 on the plasma membrane of Jurkat cells and MDMs and enhances CD4 internalization. We artificially manipulated the CD4 level in Jurkat and SupT1 cells and found that overexpression of CD4 in Jurkat cells overcomes the inhibitory effect of LY6E; conversely, blocking the function of CD4 in SupT1 with a neutralizing antibody eliminates the enhancement of LY6E on HIV-1 entry. The CD4-dependent inhibitory phenotype of LY6E in low-CD4-expressing human MDMs can be recapitulated for a panel of transmitted founder viruses and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains. Given that HIV-1 can target low-CD4-expressing cells during acute infection yet replicates efficiently in high-CD4-expressing T cells at the late stage of disease, our observation that LY6E differentially modulates HIV-1 replication in a CD4-dependent manner has implications for understanding the complex roles of interferon (IFN)-induced proteins in AIDS pathogenesis. The role of IFN-induced genes (ISGs) in viral infection remains incompletely understood. While most ISGs are antiviral, some ISGs have been shown to promote viral infection, including HIV-1 infection. We previously showed that IFN-inducible LY6E protein promotes HIV-1 infection in human PMBCs and high-CD4-expressing SupT1 cells. Here we found that LY6E inhibits HIV-1 entry and replication in low-CD4-expressing MDMs and Jurkat cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that LY6E downregulates the cell surface receptor CD4, thus impairing the virus binding to target cells. This is in contrast to the situation of high-CD4-expressing cells, where LY6E predominantly promotes viral membrane fusion. The opposing role of IFN-inducible LY6E in modulating HIV-1 infection highlights the complex roles of ISGs in viral infection and viral pathogenesis.
淋巴细胞抗原 6E(LY6E)是一种糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定的干扰素诱导蛋白,已被证明可调节细胞类型依赖性的病毒感染。我们最近的工作表明,LY6E 可促进某些高表达 CD4 的细胞中的 HIV-1 感染,包括人外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)和 SupT1 细胞系。在这项工作中,我们提供了证据表明,LY6E 通过下调病毒受体 CD4 来抑制低表达 CD4 的 Jurkat 细胞和人单核细胞衍生的巨噬细胞(MDMs)中的 HIV-1 进入和传播。我们发现,在 Jurkat 细胞和 MDMs 中敲低 LY6E 会增加 HIV-1 感染,但在 Jurkat 细胞中过表达 LY6E 会抑制 HIV-1 进入和复制。LY6E 被发现与 Jurkat 细胞和 MDMs 质膜上的 CD4 共定位,并增强 CD4 的内化。我们人为地操纵 Jurkat 和 SupT1 细胞中的 CD4 水平,发现 Jurkat 细胞中 CD4 的过表达克服了 LY6E 的抑制作用;相反,用中和抗体阻断 SupT1 中的 CD4 功能消除了 LY6E 对 HIV-1 进入的增强作用。LY6E 在低表达 CD4 的人 MDMs 中的 CD4 依赖性抑制表型可用于一组传播的创始病毒和实验室适应的 HIV-1 株。鉴于 HIV-1 可在急性感染期间靶向低表达 CD4 的细胞,但在疾病晚期高效复制高表达 CD4 的 T 细胞,我们观察到 LY6E 以 CD4 依赖性方式差异调节 HIV-1 复制,这对理解干扰素(IFN)诱导蛋白在艾滋病发病机制中的复杂作用具有重要意义。IFN 诱导基因(ISGs)在病毒感染中的作用仍不完全清楚。虽然大多数 ISGs 具有抗病毒作用,但一些 ISGs 已被证明可促进病毒感染,包括 HIV-1 感染。我们之前曾表明,IFN 诱导的 LY6E 蛋白可促进人 PMBCs 和高表达 CD4 的 SupT1 细胞中的 HIV-1 感染。在这里,我们发现 LY6E 抑制低表达 CD4 的 MDMs 和 Jurkat 细胞中的 HIV-1 进入和复制。从机制上讲,我们证明 LY6E 下调细胞表面受体 CD4,从而损害病毒与靶细胞的结合。这与高表达 CD4 的细胞情况形成对比,在高表达 CD4 的细胞中,LY6E 主要促进病毒膜融合。IFN 诱导的 LY6E 在调节 HIV-1 感染中的相反作用突出了 ISGs 在病毒感染和病毒发病机制中的复杂作用。