Department of Psychology.
Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development.
Psychol Bull. 2019 Mar;145(3):273-301. doi: 10.1037/bul0000179. Epub 2019 Jan 24.
With advancing age, healthy adults typically exhibit decreases in performance across many different cognitive abilities such as memory, processing speed, spatial ability, and abstract reasoning. However, there are marked individual differences in rates of cognitive decline, with some adults declining steeply and others maintaining high levels of functioning. To move toward a comprehensive understanding of cognitive aging, it is critical to know whether individual differences in longitudinal changes interrelate across different cognitive abilities. We identified 89 effect sizes representing shared variance in longitudinal cognitive change from 22 unique datasets composed of more than 30,000 unique individuals, which we meta-analyzed using a series of multilevel metaregression models. An average of 60% of the variation in cognitive changes was shared across cognitive abilities. Shared variation in changes increased with age, from approximately 45% at age 35 years to approximately 70% at age 85 years. There was a moderate-to-strong correspondence (r = .49, congruence coefficient = .98) between the extent to which a variable indicated general intelligence and the extent to which change in that variable indicated a general factor of aging-related change. Shared variation in changes did not differ substantially across cognitive ability domain classifications. In a sensitivity analysis based on studies that carefully controlled for dementia, shared variation in longitudinal cognitive changes remained at upward of 60%, and age-related increases in shared variation in cognitive changes continued to be evident. These results together provide strong evidence for a general factor of cognitive aging that strengthens with advancing adult age. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
随着年龄的增长，健康成年人通常在许多不同的认知能力（如记忆、处理速度、空间能力和抽象推理）方面表现出能力下降。然而，认知能力下降的速度存在显著的个体差异，一些成年人急剧下降，而另一些成年人则保持高水平的功能。为了全面了解认知衰老，了解不同认知能力的纵向变化之间的个体差异是否相互关联是至关重要的。我们从由超过 30000 个个体组成的 22 个独特数据集确定了 89 个表示纵向认知变化共享方差的效应量，并使用一系列多层次元回归模型对其进行了元分析。认知变化的平均 60%是跨认知能力共享的。随着年龄的增长，变化的共享方差增加，从 35 岁时的约 45%增加到 85 岁时的约 70%。一个变量表示一般智力的程度与该变量的变化表示与年龄相关的变化的一般因素的程度之间存在中度至强的对应关系（r =.49，一致性系数 =.98）。变化的共享方差在认知能力域分类之间没有显著差异。在一项基于仔细控制痴呆症的研究的敏感性分析中，纵向认知变化的共享方差仍保持在 60%以上，并且认知变化的共享方差随年龄的增长而增加的趋势仍然明显。这些结果共同为认知衰老的一般因素提供了强有力的证据，随着成年年龄的增长，这种因素会增强。（PsycINFO 数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。
