Micalis Institute, INRA, UMR1319, Equipe AMIPEM, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Building 442, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2019 Apr;76(8):1541-1558. doi: 10.1007/s00018-019-03011-w. Epub 2019 Jan 25.
NAFLD is currently the main cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries, and the number of NAFLD patients is growing worldwide. NAFLD often has similar symptoms to other metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Recently, the role of the gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of many diseases has been revealed. Regarding NAFLD, experiments using gut microbiota transplants to germ-free animal models showed that fatty liver disease development is determined by gut bacteria. Moreover, the perturbation of the composition of the gut microbiota has been observed in patients suffering from NAFLD. Numerous mechanisms relating the gut microbiome to NAFLD have been proposed, including the dysbiosis-induced dysregulation of gut endothelial barrier function that allows for the translocation of bacterial components and leads to hepatic inflammation. In addition, the various metabolites produced by the gut microbiota may impact the liver and thus modulate NAFLD susceptibility. Therefore, the manipulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics was shown to improve liver phenotype in NAFLD patients as well as in rodent models. Hence, further knowledge about the interactions among dysbiosis, environmental factors, and diet and their impacts on the gut-liver axis can improve the treatment of this life-threatening liver disease and its related disorders.
非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）目前是发达国家慢性肝病的主要病因，且全球范围内的 NAFLD 患者人数正在不断增加。NAFLD 常与其他代谢紊乱具有相似的症状，包括 2 型糖尿病和肥胖症。最近，肠道微生物群在许多疾病的病理生理学中的作用已经被揭示。关于 NAFLD，使用肠道微生物群移植到无菌动物模型的实验表明，脂肪肝疾病的发展是由肠道细菌决定的。此外，在患有 NAFLD 的患者中观察到肠道微生物群组成的紊乱。已经提出了许多与肠道微生物群相关的非酒精性脂肪性肝病的机制，包括由肠道内皮屏障功能失调引起的菌群失调，这允许细菌成分易位并导致肝炎症。此外，肠道微生物群产生的各种代谢产物可能会影响肝脏，从而调节非酒精性脂肪性肝病的易感性。因此，通过益生菌、益生元和合生元来操纵肠道微生物群已被证明可以改善 NAFLD 患者以及啮齿动物模型的肝脏表型。因此，进一步了解菌群失调、环境因素和饮食之间的相互作用及其对肠-肝轴的影响，可以改善这种危及生命的肝病及其相关疾病的治疗效果。
