UMR1121, Université de Lorraine-INRA Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement ENSAIA, 2 Avenue Forêt de Haye, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
Planta. 2019 Mar;249(3):617-633. doi: 10.1007/s00425-019-03098-2. Epub 2019 Jan 28.
Ficus species have adapted to diverse environments and pests by developing physical or chemical protection strategies. Physical defences are based on the accumulation of minerals such as calcium oxalate crystals, amorphous calcium carbonates and silica that lead to tougher plants. Additional cellular structures such as non-glandular trichomes or laticifer cells make the leaves rougher or sticky upon injury. Ficus have also established structures that are able to produce specialized metabolites (alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics) or proteins (proteases, protease inhibitors, oxidases, and chitinases) that are toxic to predators. All these defence mechanisms are distributed throughout the plant and can differ depending on the genotype, the stage of development or the environment. In this review, we present an overview of these strategies and discuss how these complementary mechanisms enable effective and flexible adaptation to numerous hostile environments.
榕属植物通过发展物理或化学保护策略来适应多样化的环境和害虫。物理防御基于矿物质的积累，如草酸钙晶体、非晶形碳酸钙和硅，这些物质使植物更加坚韧。额外的细胞结构，如非腺毛或乳管细胞，使叶片在受伤时变得更加粗糙或粘性。榕属植物还建立了能够产生特殊代谢物（生物碱、萜类化合物和酚类化合物）或蛋白质（蛋白酶、蛋白酶抑制剂、氧化酶和几丁质酶）的结构，这些物质对捕食者有毒。所有这些防御机制都分布在整个植物中，并可能因基因型、发育阶段或环境而异。在这篇综述中，我们概述了这些策略，并讨论了这些互补机制如何使植物能够有效地灵活适应众多恶劣环境。
