Oceans Graduate School, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
Oceans Institute at The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.
Glob Chang Biol. 2019 May;25(5):1877-1888. doi: 10.1111/gcb.14579. Epub 2019 Feb 20.
Ocean acidification poses a serious threat to marine calcifying organisms, yet experimental and field studies have found highly diverse responses among species and environments. Our understanding of the underlying drivers of differential responses to ocean acidification is currently limited by difficulties in directly observing and quantifying the mechanisms of bio-calcification. Here, we present Raman spectroscopy techniques for characterizing the skeletal mineralogy and calcifying fluid chemistry of marine calcifying organisms such as corals, coralline algae, foraminifera, and fish (carbonate otoliths). First, our in vivo Raman technique is the ideal tool for investigating non-classical mineralization pathways. This includes calcification by amorphous particle attachment, which has recently been controversially suggested as a mechanism by which corals resist the negative effects of ocean acidification. Second, high-resolution ex vivo Raman mapping reveals complex banding structures in the mineralogy of marine calcifiers, and provides a tool to quantify calcification responses to environmental variability on various timescales from days to years. We describe the new insights into marine bio-calcification that our techniques have already uncovered, and we consider the wide range of questions regarding calcifier responses to global change that can now be proposed and addressed with these new Raman spectroscopy tools.
海洋酸化对海洋钙化生物构成了严重威胁，但实验和实地研究发现，物种和环境之间存在高度多样化的反应。我们对海洋酸化差异化反应的潜在驱动因素的理解目前受到直接观察和量化生物钙化机制的困难的限制。在这里，我们提出了拉曼光谱技术，用于表征海洋钙化生物的骨骼矿物学和钙化液化学，如珊瑚、珊瑚藻、有孔虫和鱼类（碳酸盐耳石）。首先，我们的体内拉曼技术是研究非经典矿化途径的理想工具。这包括无定形颗粒附着的钙化，最近有人有争议地提出，这种矿化途径是珊瑚抵抗海洋酸化负面影响的一种机制。其次，高分辨率的离体拉曼映射揭示了海洋钙化生物的矿物学中复杂的带状结构，并提供了一种工具，可量化钙化对各种时间尺度（从几天到几年）环境变化的反应。我们描述了我们的技术已经揭示的海洋生物钙化的新见解，并考虑了现在可以用这些新的拉曼光谱工具提出和解决的关于钙化生物对全球变化反应的广泛问题。
