Shtienberg Dani, Manulis-Sasson Shulamit, Zilberstaine Miriam, Oppenheim Dov, Shwartz Hagai
Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
R & D North, Migal, Qiryat Shmona 11016, Israel.
Plant Dis. 2015 Aug;99(8):1048-1058. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-01-15-0101-FE. Epub 2015 Jul 22.
Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is the most destructive disease of pears and other pome fruit trees worldwide. The disease was first detected in Israel in 1985, and in the 30 years since, the intensity of fire blight epidemics has varied markedly. During this time, there were two national pandemics: the first between 1994 and 1996 and the second in 2010. In both cases, it was feared that the Israeli pear industry would not recover. National efforts were devoted to combat the problem and after both pandemics the industry survived. In this paper we indicate some unique characteristics that play a crucial role in the epidemiology of the disease under Israeli conditions. We then describe the continual struggle of the Israeli pear industry with fire blight over the last 30 years, elaborating on the two national pandemics and the efforts devoted to cope with them. Finally, we summarize the conclusions derived from our local experience and present our future perspectives regarding fire blight management. The take-home message of the Israeli fire blight story is that the battle against this hazardous disease is neverending. In some years, growers are able to adequately suppress the disease; in others, the pathogen overcomes management efforts and severe outbreaks occur. The latter could be minimized if growers have a full understanding of the management protocols suitable for the conditions and applied them rigorously.
火疫病由解淀粉欧文氏菌引起，是全球梨树和其他仁果类果树最具毁灭性的病害。该病害于1985年在以色列首次被发现，自那以后的30年里，火疫病流行的强度变化显著。在此期间，发生过两次全国性的大流行：第一次在1994年至1996年之间，第二次在2010年。在这两种情况下，人们都担心以色列的梨产业无法恢复。国家致力于解决这个问题，两次大流行之后，该产业都挺了过来。在本文中，我们指出了一些在以色列条件下对该病害的流行病学起着关键作用的独特特征。然后，我们描述了以色列梨产业在过去30年里与火疫病的持续斗争，详细阐述了两次全国性大流行以及为应对它们所做的努力。最后，我们总结了从我们当地经验中得出的结论，并提出了我们对火疫病管理的未来展望。以色列火疫病故事的关键信息是，与这种危险病害的斗争永无止境。在某些年份，种植者能够充分控制住这种病害；而在其他年份，病原体战胜了管理措施，就会发生严重的疫情爆发。如果种植者充分了解适合当地条件的管理方案并严格应用，后者的影响可以降到最低。
