Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Periodontology and Oral Microbiology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
J Dent. 2019 Jan;80 Suppl 1:S3-S12. doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.08.010.
To provide an update on our current understanding of how saliva and its various constituents directly and indirectly affect oral bacteria and thereby play a role in the modulation and maintenance of a healthy oral microbiota and also the associations with symbiosis and dysbiosis.
The search for biomedical literature on saliva and its antimicrobial activities (years 1966 to 2017) was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases.
This review underlines that saliva plays an essential role in shaping and maintaining the ecological equilibrium of the resident oral microbiota. Saliva contributes to the formation of the salivary pellicle, which covers the oral hard and soft tissues, and thereby determines the initial adhesion and colonisation of microorganisms. Saliva facilitates clearance of dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms from the oral cavity, but also supplies bacteria with nutrients through enzymatic breakdown of dietary starch and proteins and salivary glycoproteins. In addition, saliva comprises proteins such as mucins, which block the adherence of certain microorganisms to oral surfaces through binding and aggregating mechanisms. Saliva also provides antimicrobial activity through numerous proteins and peptides including mucins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, statherin, histatins and secretory immunoglobulin A.
A balanced oral microbiome is important for the maintenance of oral health and symbiosis. Conditions associated with salivary gland hypofunction, impaired oral clearance, low salivary pH and altered salivary composition, often lead to perturbation of the function and composition of the oral microbiome causing dysbiosis, and an associated risk of oral disease.
Saliva plays a significant role in keeping the relationship between the host and oral microbiota in a symbiotic state. In conditions with salivary gland dysfunction, the natural balance of the oral microbiome is often disturbed, leading to dysbiosis and associated risks of gingivitis, caries and fungal infection.
更新我们目前对唾液及其各种成分如何直接和间接影响口腔细菌，从而在调节和维持健康口腔微生物群以及与共生和失调的关联中发挥作用的理解。
在 PubMed、Embase 和 Web of Science 数据库中对唾液及其抗菌活性的生物医学文献进行了检索（1966 年至 2017 年）。
本综述强调了唾液在塑造和维持常驻口腔微生物群的生态平衡方面起着至关重要的作用。唾液有助于形成覆盖口腔软硬组织的唾液膜，从而决定微生物的初始粘附和定植。唾液有助于从口腔中清除膳食碳水化合物和微生物，但也通过酶解膳食淀粉和蛋白质以及唾液糖蛋白为细菌提供营养。此外，唾液包含粘蛋白等蛋白质，通过结合和聚集机制阻止某些微生物粘附到口腔表面。唾液还通过多种蛋白质和肽（包括粘蛋白、乳铁蛋白、溶菌酶、乳过氧化物酶、唾石蛋白、组蛋白和分泌型免疫球蛋白 A）提供抗菌活性。
平衡的口腔微生物组对于维持口腔健康和共生关系很重要。与唾液腺功能低下、口腔清除能力受损、唾液 pH 值降低和唾液成分改变相关的条件，通常会导致口腔微生物组的功能和组成失调，导致失调，并伴有口腔疾病的风险。
唾液在维持宿主与口腔微生物群共生状态方面起着重要作用。在唾液腺功能障碍的情况下，口腔微生物群的自然平衡常常被打乱，导致失调，并伴有牙龈炎、龋齿和真菌感染的风险。
