Gergerich Rose C, Welliver Ruth A, Osterbauer Nancy K, Kamenidou Sophia, Martin Robert R, Golino Deborah A, Eastwell Kenneth, Fuchs Marc, Vidalakis Georgios, Tzanetakis Ioannis E
Department of Plant Pathology, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas System.
Bureau of Plant Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture.
Plant Dis. 2015 Feb;99(2):176-187. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-07-14-0762-FE.
The expansion of fruit production and markets into new geographic areas provides novel opportunities and challenges for the agricultural and marketing industries. Evidence that fruit consumption helps prevent nutrient deficiencies and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer has assisted in the expansion of all aspects of the fruit industry. In today's competitive global market environment, producers need access to the best plant material available in terms of genetics and health if they are to maintain a competitive advantage in the market. An ever-increasing amount of plant material in the form of produce, nursery plants, and breeding stock moves vast distances, and this has resulted in an increased risk of pest and disease introductions into new areas. One of the primary concerns of the global fruit industry is a group of systemic pathogens for which there are no effective remedies once plants are infected. These pathogens and diseases require expensive management and control procedures at nurseries and by producers locally and nationally. Here, we review (i) the characteristics of some of these pathogens, (ii) the history and economic consequences of some notable disease epidemics caused by these pathogens, (iii) the changes in agricultural trade that have exacerbated the risk of pathogen introduction, (iv) the path to production of healthy plants through the U.S. National Clean Plant Network and state certification programs, (v) the economic value of clean stock to nurseries and fruit growers in the United States, and (vi) current efforts to develop and harmonize effective nursery certification programs within the United States as well as with global trading partners.
水果生产和市场向新地理区域的扩张给农业和营销行业带来了新的机遇与挑战。水果消费有助于预防营养缺乏、降低心血管疾病和癌症风险的证据推动了水果产业各方面的发展。在当今竞争激烈的全球市场环境中，生产者若要在市场中保持竞争优势，就需要获取遗传和健康方面最佳的植物材料。越来越多的农产品、苗木和种畜形式的植物材料被远距离运输，这导致病虫害传入新地区的风险增加。全球水果产业的主要担忧之一是一类系统性病原体，一旦植物被感染，就没有有效的补救措施。这些病原体和疾病在苗圃以及当地和国家的生产者层面都需要昂贵的管理和控制程序。在此，我们回顾：（i）其中一些病原体的特征；（ii）由这些病原体引发的一些重大疾病流行的历史和经济后果；（iii）加剧病原体引入风险的农业贸易变化；（iv）通过美国国家清洁植物网络和州认证计划生产健康植物的途径；（v）清洁种苗对美国苗圃和水果种植者的经济价值；以及（vi）目前在美国国内以及与全球贸易伙伴共同制定和协调有效的苗圃认证计划的努力。
