Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
Division of Aquaculture, Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture (Nofima), Tromsø, Norway.
Front Immunol. 2019 Jan 16;9:3182. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03182. eCollection 2018.
Salmonid red blood cells are the main target cells for (PRV). Three genotypes of PRV (PRV-1,2,3) infect Atlantic salmon (), Chinook salmon (), Coho salmon (), rainbow trout () and brown trout (Salmo trutta), and can cause diseases like heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), jaundice syndrome, erythrocyte inclusion body syndrome (EIBS) and proliferative darkening syndrome (PDS). Purified PRV administrated to fish has proven the causality for HSMI and EIBS. During the early peak phase of infection, salmonid erythrocytes are the main virus-replicating cells. In this initial phase, cytoplasmic inclusions called "virus factories" can be observed in the erythrocytes, and are the primary sites for the formation of new virus particles. The PRV-infected erythrocytes in Atlantic salmon mount a strong long-lasting innate antiviral response lasting for many weeks after the onset of infection. The antiviral response of Atlantic salmon erythrocytes involves upregulation of potential inhibitors of translation. In accordance with this, PRV-1 protein production in erythrocytes halts while virus RNA can persist for months. Furthermore, PRV infection in Coho salmon and rainbow trout are associated with anemia, and in Atlantic salmon lower hemoglobin levels are observed. Here we summarize and discuss the recently published findings on PRV infection, replication and effects on salmonid erythrocytes, and discuss how PRV can be a useful tool for the study of innate immune responses in erythrocytes, and help reveal novel immune functions of the red blood cells in fish.
鲑鱼的红细胞是鲑鱼疱疹病毒（PRV）的主要靶细胞。三种基因型的 PRV（PRV-1、2、3）感染大西洋鲑（）、奇努克鲑（）、银鲑（）、虹鳟（）和鳟鱼（Salmo trutta），并可引起心脏病和骨骼肌炎症（HSMI）、黄疸综合征、红细胞包涵体综合征（EIBS）和增生性黑化综合征（PDS）等疾病。向鱼类中注射纯化的 PRV 已证明其与 HSMI 和 EIBS 有关。在感染的早期高峰阶段，鲑鱼的红细胞是主要的病毒复制细胞。在此初始阶段，可在红细胞中观察到称为“病毒工厂”的细胞质包涵体，这是形成新病毒颗粒的主要部位。感染 PRV 的大西洋鲑鱼在感染后数周内会产生强烈的持久先天抗病毒反应。大西洋鲑鱼红细胞的抗病毒反应涉及潜在翻译抑制剂的上调。因此，PRV-1 蛋白在红细胞中的产生停止，而病毒 RNA 可以持续数月。此外，Coho 鲑鱼和虹鳟鱼的 PRV 感染与贫血有关，而大西洋鲑鱼的血红蛋白水平较低。在这里，我们总结和讨论了最近关于 PRV 感染、复制及其对鲑鱼红细胞影响的研究结果，并讨论了 PRV 如何成为研究红细胞先天免疫反应的有用工具，并有助于揭示鱼类红细胞的新免疫功能。
