Benazizi I, Blasco-Blasco M, Sanz-Valero J, Koselka E, Martínez-Martínez J M, Ronda Pérez E
UNIVERSIDAD DE ALICANTE.
An Sist Sanit Navar. 2019 Apr 25;42(1):55-68. doi: 10.23938/ASSN.0389.
Diet is a principal determinant of health and is interrelated with socioeconomic factors and the acculturation of immigrants. The aim of this study was to examine the existing evidence on food, nutrition, and diet amongst immigrant populations in Spain, its relationships with their countries of origin, and to evaluate the methodological quality of these studies. A systematic review was carried out that included seventeen cross-sectional studies, 71% of them were of average quality and only one was excellent; seven dealt with adolescents and ten dealt with adults, with a total of 9,871 participants. Insights on immigrant diet and nutrition were heterogeneous because the participant groups in these studies were from several different countries, each of which has distinct cultural and geographical characteristics. Adolescent diet was of lower quality, positively correlated to socioeconomic level; acculturation and length of residence were related to both positive (such as healthier dietary patterns, better adhesion to intake recommendations) and negative aspects (higher intake of meat or bakery products, lower intake of vegetables or fish, among others). Adults show a better intake of macronutrients, but a lower intake of micronutrients and non-observance of some intake recommendations; acculturation and length of residence were related to healthier dietary patterns, significantly related to type of employment. Immigrants from Mediterranean countries show a healthier diet than other immigrants, although the quality of their diet is worse than that of their peers in their countries of origin. Finally, the quality of the diet of non-Mediterranean immigrants improves when they become resident in Spain.
饮食是健康的主要决定因素，并且与社会经济因素以及移民的文化适应相关。本研究的目的是检验西班牙移民群体中有关食物、营养和饮食的现有证据，其与他们原籍国的关系，并评估这些研究的方法学质量。进行了一项系统综述，其中包括17项横断面研究，71%的研究质量为中等，只有一项为优秀；7项研究涉及青少年，10项研究涉及成年人，共有9871名参与者。关于移民饮食和营养的见解存在异质性，因为这些研究中的参与者群体来自几个不同的国家，每个国家都有独特的文化和地理特征。青少年饮食质量较低，与社会经济水平呈正相关；文化适应和居住时间与积极方面（如更健康的饮食模式、更好地遵守摄入建议）和消极方面（如肉类或烘焙食品摄入量较高、蔬菜或鱼类摄入量较低等）都有关系。成年人的宏量营养素摄入量较好，但微量营养素摄入量较低且未遵守一些摄入建议；文化适应和居住时间与更健康的饮食模式有关，与就业类型显著相关。来自地中海国家的移民饮食比其他移民更健康，尽管他们的饮食质量比原籍国的同龄人要差。最后，非地中海移民在西班牙定居后饮食质量有所改善。
