Delisle Hélène F, Vioque Jesús, Gil Augusta
WHO Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128, Downtown Station, Montreal, Que, H3C 3J7, Canada.
Nutr J. 2009 Jan 23;8:3. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-8-3.
Eating patterns of immigrants deserve to be better documented because they may reflect the extent of acculturation and associated health risks. The study assessed dietary patterns and quality in Bubi immigrants (from Equatorial Guinea) using cluster analysis and comparing different diet quality indexes.
A random sample of 83 Bubi men and 130 women living in Madrid were studied. A 99-item food frequency questionnaire was administered, body weights and heights were self-reported and socio-demographic and health information was collected during interviews. Usual intakes were collapsed into 19 food groups. Cluster analysis of standardized food intakes per 1000 kcalories was performed. Dietary quality was appraised using the Alternative Mediterranean Diet Score, the Alternative Healthy Eating Index and scores of micronutrient adequacy and prevention based on WHO/FAO recommendations.
Two dietary patterns were identified. The 'Healthier' pattern, so confirmed by two dietary quality indexes, featured a higher consumption of fish, fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products and bread while the 'Western' pattern included more processed meat, animal fat, and sweetened foods and drinks. One third of the subjects were in the 'Healthier' food cluster, with the same proportion of men and women. Age >or= 30 and residence in Madrid >or= 11 years were independently associated with the healthier diet. Consumption of traditional foods was unrelated to dietary pattern, however. Overall, Bubi diets were somewhat protective because of high intakes of fruits and vegetables and monounsaturated fat (olive oil), but not with respect to sugar, cholesterol, omega-3 fatty acids and fibre. Less than two thirds of subjects had adequate intakes of iron, calcium and folate in both dietary phenotypes. Body mass index, physical exercise, and self-reported health and cardiovascular disease condition showed no significant association with the dietary pattern.
Cluster analysis combined with dietary quality assessment facilitates the interpretation of dietary patterns, but choosing the appropriate quality indexes is a problem. A small number of such indexes should be standardized and validated for international use. In the group studied, younger subjects and more recent immigrants were more likely to have a 'Western' pattern and should be a priority target for nutrition communication.
移民的饮食模式值得更充分地记录，因为它们可能反映文化适应程度及相关健康风险。本研究采用聚类分析并比较不同的饮食质量指标，评估了（来自赤道几内亚的）布比移民的饮食模式和质量。
对居住在马德里的83名布比男性和130名女性进行随机抽样研究。采用一份包含99个条目的食物频率问卷，由研究对象自行报告体重和身高，并在访谈中收集社会人口学和健康信息。将日常摄入量归纳为19个食物类别。对每1000千卡标准化食物摄入量进行聚类分析。使用替代地中海饮食评分、替代健康饮食指数以及基于世界卫生组织/联合国粮农组织建议的微量营养素充足性和预防评分来评估饮食质量。
确定了两种饮食模式。经两种饮食质量指标确认的“更健康”模式，其特点是鱼类、水果、蔬菜、豆类、乳制品和面包的摄入量较高，而“西方”模式则包含更多加工肉类、动物脂肪以及甜味食品和饮料。三分之一的研究对象属于“更健康”食物类别，男女比例相同。年龄≥30岁且在马德里居住≥11年与更健康的饮食独立相关。然而，传统食物的消费与饮食模式无关。总体而言，由于水果、蔬菜和单不饱和脂肪（橄榄油）摄入量较高，布比人的饮食在一定程度上具有保护性，但在糖、胆固醇、ω-3脂肪酸和纤维方面并非如此。在两种饮食表型中，不到三分之二的研究对象铁、钙和叶酸摄入量充足。体重指数、体育锻炼以及自我报告的健康状况和心血管疾病状况与饮食模式无显著关联。
聚类分析结合饮食质量评估有助于解读饮食模式，但选择合适的质量指标是个问题。应标准化并验证少量此类指标以供国际使用。在所研究的群体中，较年轻的研究对象和新移民更有可能具有“西方”模式，应成为营养宣传的优先目标人群。
