Úrbez-Torres J R, Haag P, Bowen P, O'Gorman D T
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada.
Plant Dis. 2014 Apr;98(4):456-468. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-13-0524-RE.
Black foot disease of grapevines, caused by several fungal species in the genera Campylocarpon, Cylindrocarpon, Cylindrocladiella, and Ilyonectria, causes significant economic losses to the grapevine industry worldwide. This study represents the first attempt to identify and characterize the fungal pathogens associated with black foot disease of grapevines in British Columbia (BC). Field surveys conducted throughout all grape-growing regions in BC that included assessment of foliar symptomatology and isolations from symptomatic vines showed Cylindrocarpon/Ilyonectria spp. occurred in 32 of 90 (35.5%) young vineyards surveyed (≤8 year old) and in 41 of 215 (19%) samples collected. In 20 of the 41 (48.8%) samples, Cylindrocarpon/Ilyonectria spp. were the sole fungi isolated from symptomatic tissue. In the rest of the samples, black foot fungi were found to primarily coexist with fungal taxa associated with Petri disease of grapevines. Colony and conidia phenotypical characterization, along with DNA analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of the rDNA, and part of the β-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-α genes, revealed five different black foot fungi occurring in declining young vines in BC, namely Cylindrocarpon pauciseptatum, Ilyonectria liriodendri, Ilyonectria macrodidyma, Ilyonectria robusta, and Ilyonectria torresensis. Pathogenicity studies showed all five species to be highly virulent in the grapevine rootstock cultivar 3309C. Overall, I. liriodendri and I. macrodidyma were the most virulent species when inoculated in Vitis vinifera 'Chardonnay' and rootstock 3309C.
葡萄黑脚病由弯孢腔菌属、柱孢属、柱枝双孢霉属和丽赤壳属中的几种真菌引起，给全球葡萄产业造成了重大经济损失。本研究首次尝试鉴定和表征与不列颠哥伦比亚省（BC）葡萄黑脚病相关的真菌病原体。在BC省所有葡萄种植区进行的实地调查，包括对叶片症状的评估以及从有症状的葡萄藤上进行分离培养，结果显示在90个（≤8年树龄）受调查的年轻葡萄园中有32个（35.5%）出现了柱孢属/丽赤壳属真菌，在采集的215个样本中有41个（19%）出现了该真菌。在41个样本中的20个（48.8%）中，柱孢属/丽赤壳属真菌是从有症状组织中分离出的唯一真菌。在其余样本中，发现黑脚病真菌主要与葡萄皮氏病相关的真菌类群共存。通过菌落和分生孢子的表型特征分析，以及对核糖体DNA的内部转录间隔区（ITS1-5.8S-ITS2）、部分β-微管蛋白和翻译延伸因子1-α基因的DNA分析，揭示了BC省年轻衰退葡萄藤中存在五种不同的黑脚病真菌，即少隔柱孢、北美鹅掌楸丽赤壳、大孢丽赤壳、粗壮丽赤壳和托雷斯丽赤壳。致病性研究表明，这五个物种对葡萄砧木品种3309C都具有高度致病性。总体而言，接种到酿酒葡萄‘霞多丽’和砧木3309C中时，北美鹅掌楸丽赤壳和大孢丽赤壳是致病性最强的物种。
