Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019 Mar;33(1):17-38. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.001.
This article discusses the epidemiology, prevention, clinical features, and treatment of venomous bites by snakes, lizards, and spiders; stings by fish, jellyfish, echinoderms, insects, and scorpions; and poisoning by ingestion of fish, turtles, and shellfish. Invertebrate stings cause fatalities by anaphylaxis, secondary to acquired hypersensitivity (Hymenoptera, such as bees, wasps, and ants; and jellyfish), and by direct envenoming (scorpions, spiders, jellyfish, and echinoderms). Simple preventive techniques, such as wearing protective clothing, using a flashlight at night, and excluding venomous animals from sleeping quarters, are of paramount importance to reduce the risk of venomous bites and stings.
本文讨论了蛇、蜥蜴和蜘蛛的毒液咬伤、鱼类、水母、棘皮动物、昆虫和蝎子的刺伤以及鱼类、海龟和贝类的中毒的流行病学、预防、临床特征和治疗。无脊椎动物刺伤可通过过敏反应（膜翅目昆虫，如蜜蜂、黄蜂和蚂蚁；水母）和直接中毒（蝎子、蜘蛛、水母和棘皮动物）导致死亡，继发于获得性过敏（膜翅目昆虫，如蜜蜂、黄蜂和蚂蚁；水母）。穿着防护服、夜间使用手电筒以及将有毒动物排除在卧室之外等简单的预防技术对于降低毒蛇咬伤和刺伤的风险至关重要。
