Manhattan Distance-Based Adaptive 3D Transform-Domain Collaborative Filtering for Laser Speckle Imaging of Blood Flow.

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) is a full-field, noncontact imaging technology for mapping blood flow with high spatio-temporal resolution, in which the speckle contrast can be estimated either in spatial domain or temporal domain. Temporal LSCI (tLSCI) provides higher spatial resolution than spatial domain does. However, when the number of sampling frames is limited, it is difficult to obtain accurate blood flow velocity owing to the significant statistical noise. The widely used spatially averaged tLSCI (savg-tLSCI) usually requires a large number of sampling frames to obtain acceptable denoising performance. Here, based on the nonlocal filtering strategy of block-matching and three-dimensional transform-domain collaborative filtering (BM3D), Manhattan distance-based adaptive BM3D (MD-ABM3D) is proposed to effectively manage the complicated inhomogeneous noise in tLSCI image and improve the signal-to-noise ratio. Manhattan distance improves the accuracy of the block matching in strong noise, and the adaptive algorithm adapts to the inhomogeneous noise and estimates suitable parameters for improved denoising. MD-ABM3D improves 4.91 dB in peak signal-to-noise ratio relative to savg-tLSCI. It achieves stability for denoising tLSCI image with different temporal windows. The image-quality evaluation of MD-ABM3D for tLSCI (t = 20 frames) equals that of savg-tLSCI (t = 60 frames). It achieves high signal-to-noise ratio with a reduced number of sampling frames. A reduced number of sampling frames are more practical for biomedical applications. It also offers higher temporal resolution and less disturbance from the motion of the moving object.