Department of Tissue and Cell Culture, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, 3135933151, Iran.
Planta. 2019 Apr;249(4):953-973. doi: 10.1007/s00425-019-03099-1. Epub 2019 Feb 4.
Plant tissue culture has been used for conservation, micropropagation, and in planta overproduction of some pharma molecules of medicinal plants. New biotechnology-based breeding methods such as targeted genome editing methods are able to create custom-designed medicinal plants with different secondary metabolite profiles. For a long time, humans have used medicinal plants for therapeutic purposes and in food and other industries. Classical biotechnology techniques have been exploited in breeding medicinal plants. Now, it is time to apply faster biotechnology-based breeding methods (BBBMs) to these valuable plants. Assessment of the genetic diversity, conservation, proliferation, and overproduction are the main ways by which genetics and biotechnology can help to improve medicinal plants faster. Plant tissue culture (PTC) plays an important role as a platform to apply other BBBMs in medicinal plants. Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation and artificial polyploidy induction are the main BBBMs that are directly dependent on PTC. Manageable regulation of endogens and/or transferred genes via engineered zinc-finger proteins or transcription activator-like effectors can help targeted manipulation of secondary metabolite pathways in medicinal plants. The next-generation sequencing techniques have great potential to study the genetic diversity of medicinal plants through restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) technique and also to identify the genes and enzymes that are involved in the biosynthetic pathway of secondary metabolites through precise transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq). The sequence-specific nucleases of transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated (Cas) are the genome editing methods that can produce user-designed medicinal plants. These current targeted genome editing methods are able to manage plant synthetic biology and open new gates to medicinal plants to be introduced into appropriate industries.
植物组织培养已被用于保护、微繁殖和在植物体内过量生产某些药用植物的药物分子。新的基于生物技术的育种方法，如靶向基因组编辑方法，能够创造具有不同次生代谢产物谱的定制药用植物。长期以来，人类一直将药用植物用于治疗目的，并用于食品和其他行业。经典的生物技术已被用于药用植物的育种。现在，是时候将更快的基于生物技术的育种方法（BBBMs）应用于这些有价值的植物了。遗传多样性、保护、增殖和过量生产的评估是遗传学和生物技术能够帮助更快地改善药用植物的主要途径。植物组织培养（PTC）作为应用其他 BBBMs 在药用植物中的平台发挥着重要作用。农杆菌介导的基因转化和人工多倍体诱导是主要的 BBBMs，它们直接依赖于 PTC。通过工程化锌指蛋白或转录激活子样效应物可对内源性和/或转移基因进行可管理的调控，有助于对药用植物次生代谢途径进行靶向操作。下一代测序技术具有通过限制性位点相关 DNA 测序（RAD-seq）技术研究药用植物遗传多样性的巨大潜力，也可通过精确的转录组分析（RNA-seq）鉴定参与次生代谢物生物合成途径的基因和酶。转录激活子样效应物核酸酶（TALENs）、锌指核酸酶和簇状规律间隔短回文重复相关（Cas）的序列特异性核酸酶是基因组编辑方法，能够产生用户设计的药用植物。这些当前的靶向基因组编辑方法能够管理植物合成生物学，并为药用植物进入合适的行业打开新的大门。
