Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Useful medications for patients with recurrent symptoms.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disorder characterised by largely irreversible changes in air flow due to irritants such as tobacco smoke. Patients with COPD experience acute exacerbations. Severe disease may progress to chronic respiratory failure. We reviewed the literature on basic medications available for COPD, using the standard Prescrire methodology. There are few clinical data on treatment of mild COPD. Regular medication is not necessary for patients who do not have recurrent symptoms. Eliminating exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritants such as workplace irritants, is the only measure known to improve the outcome of COPD. Evaluation of inhaled short-acting beta-2 agonists is based mainly on short-term trials. These drugs have been shown to improve dyspnoea. Salmeterol and formoterol, two long-acting beta-2 agonists, have been extensively evaluated in symptomatic patients. Compared with no treatment, these drugs reduce breathlessness and acute exacerbations, preventing about two hospital admissions per 100 patients with moderate to severe COPD treated for 7 months. Indacaterol and olodateroldo not have a better harm-benefit balance. Inhaled beta-2 agonists occasionally provoke cardiovascular disorders. No excess mortality has been reported among the thousands of COPD patients included in clinical trials. There Is little evidence that ipratropium, an inhaled short-acting anti-muscarinic bronchodilator, improves COPD symptoms. A risk of Increased mortality among COPD patients treated with ipratroplum cannot be ruled out. Tiotroplum, an inhaled long-acting antimuscarinic bronchodilator, has been extensively evaluated In COPD. Tiotroplum has symptomatic efficacy in COPD, reducing dyspnoea and acute exacerbations. Tiotroplum had no tangible advantages over long-acting beta-2 agonists in seven randomised trials including more than 12 000 patients. Glycopyrronium and aclidinium, two other Inhaled long-acting antimuscarinics, do not appear to be more effective. Tiotroplum, like other inhaled anti-muscarinics, has antimuscarinic adverse effects including cardiac, visual and buccal disorders. Glycopyronium may carry a higher risk of serious cardiovascular effects. Combination of an antimuscarinic with an inhaled beta-2 agonist improves symptoms in 7% to 10% of patients. In patients with one or two COPD exacerbations per year, adding an Inhaled corticosterold (beclometa- sone, budesonide or fluticasone) to a long-acting beta-2 agonist prevents about 1 exacerbation during 3 to 4 years of treatment. Inhaled corticosteroids can cause pneumonia, candidiasis, dysphonia and adrenal Insufficiency. Fluticasone seems to have more adverse effects than other inhaled corticosterolds. Theophylline has uncertain efficacy on symptoms of COPD. This drug has a narrow therapeutic index and carries a risk of serious adverse effects. It should not be used in COPD. Long-term treatment with roflumilast or oral corticosteroids has an unfavourable harm-benefit balance in COPD. In practice, in 2016, the first measure in COPD is to eliminate exposure to the irritant, most often tobacco. Drugs used in COPD have only modest, mainly symptomatic efficacy. Treatment should be adapted to symptoms and the frequency of exacerbations: a short-acting beta-2 agonist should be tried first, then replaced by an inhaled long-acting bronchodilator, or possibly tiotropium, when its effect is too short-lived. An inhaled corticosteroid can be added if symptoms persist or exacerbations are frequent.