Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America.
Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 May 1;663:507-517. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.291. Epub 2019 Jan 23.
Sanitation systems globally fail at high rates. Researchers and practitioners attribute the causes of both sanitation success and failure to numerous factors that include technical and non-technical issues. A comprehensive understanding of what leads to sanitation failure and how to achieve sanitation success is imperative to prioritize the use of limited resources. To determine which combinations of causal conditions led to successful and failed sanitation systems, we applied fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to 20 cases in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, India with small-scale sanitation systems. Two pathways led to successful sanitation systems, and four pathways led to failed sanitation systems. All successful systems required Sufficient O&M Funds, a Clear O&M Plan, and Technical Support in addition to either Addressed Sanitation Priorities and Community Participation in Planning or Behavior Change Education and Municipality Involved in Planning. All failed systems had Lack of Municipality in Planning, Unaddressed Sanitation Priorities, and No Technical Support. Most failed systems also had No Clear O&M Plan, Poor Construction Quality, Lack of Community Participation in Planning, and Insufficient O&M Funds. Two failed cases had unique pathways because Government Barriers permanently disrupted use and maintenance. Overall, implementing organizations who initiate sanitation projects in resource-limited communities should ensure that (1) communities have adequate technical and financial resources for maintenance; (2) community and municipality stakeholders are engaged in planning and know their maintenance responsibilities; and (3) appropriate technologies are selected that meet community needs and achieve community buy-in.
全球卫生系统的失败率很高。研究人员和从业者将卫生成功和失败的原因归因于许多因素，包括技术和非技术问题。全面了解导致卫生系统失败的原因以及如何实现卫生系统的成功，对于优先利用有限的资源至关重要。为了确定导致卫生系统成功和失败的因果条件组合，我们对印度卡纳塔克邦和泰米尔纳德邦的 20 个小型卫生系统案例应用了模糊集定性比较分析。有两条途径导致了成功的卫生系统，有四条途径导致了失败的卫生系统。所有成功的系统都需要足够的运维资金、明确的运维计划和技术支持，此外还需要解决卫生优先事项和社区参与规划或行为改变教育，或者需要市政当局参与规划。所有失败的系统都缺乏市政规划、未解决卫生优先事项和缺乏技术支持。大多数失败的系统还缺乏明确的运维计划、施工质量差、社区参与规划不足以及运维资金不足。两个失败的案例有独特的途径，因为政府的障碍永久地破坏了使用和维护。总的来说，在资源有限的社区中启动卫生项目的实施组织应确保：（1）社区有足够的技术和财务资源来进行维护；（2）社区和市政利益相关者参与规划并了解其维护责任；（3）选择适当的技术，满足社区需求并获得社区认可。
