Lecomte P, Darrieutort G, Liminana J-M, Comont G, Muruamendiaraz A, Legorburu F-J, Choueiri E, Jreijiri F, El Amil Roula, Fermaud Marc
INRA, UMR Santé Agroécologie du Vignoble, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon cedex, France.
NEIKER-Tecnalia, Apartado 46, E-01080 Vitoria/Gasteiz, Basque Country, Spain.
Plant Dis. 2012 Jul;96(7):924-934. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-09-11-0776-RE.
A new study on the development of foliar symptoms of esca was carried out from 2004 to 2006 in five mature vineyards in Aquitaine, France. Symptoms were monitored for severity and changes over time. Initial foliar symptoms were characterized by the presence of drying zones or discolorations (reddening or yellowing), which are symptoms that have also been attributed to Black Dead Arm (BDA). Then, the less-severely affected leaves persisted throughout the summer and developed into typical "tiger-stripe" symptoms of esca. The most severely symptomatic leaves fell soon after symptoms appeared. Severely diseased vines showed typical apoplectic or acute forms of esca that did not differ from the severe BDA forms. The appearance of leafsymptomatic vines increased uniformly over time, reaching a maximum incidence by the end of July. A second survey in 41 European and Lebanese vineyards showed that longitudinal discolorations were visible under the bark of 95% of the vines showing foliar esca symptoms. These wood symptoms, also previously attributed to BDA, appeared as xylem orange-brown stripes. Thus, foliar symptoms of esca showed transitory phases which overlapped with some BDA descriptions. Most of these symptoms, in the west-palearctic regions that were investigated, were commonly associated with the presence of one or several xylem discolorations.
2004年至2006年期间，在法国阿基坦大区的五个成熟葡萄园开展了一项关于葡萄藤埃斯卡叶部症状发展情况的新研究。对症状的严重程度及随时间的变化进行了监测。最初的叶部症状表现为出现干枯区域或变色（发红或发黄），这些症状也曾被归因于黑死臂病（BDA）。随后，受影响较轻的叶片在整个夏季持续存在，并发展为典型的埃斯卡“虎斑”症状。症状最严重的叶片在症状出现后不久就掉落了。病情严重的葡萄藤呈现出典型的中风型或急性埃斯卡症状，与严重的黑死臂病症状并无差异。有叶部症状的葡萄藤出现的频率随时间均匀增加，到7月底发病率达到最高。在41个欧洲和黎巴嫩葡萄园进行的第二次调查显示，95%有叶部埃斯卡症状的葡萄藤，其树皮下方可见纵向变色。这些木质部症状，此前也被归因于黑死臂病，表现为木质部橙褐色条纹。因此，埃斯卡的叶部症状呈现出与一些黑死臂病描述重叠的过渡阶段。在所调查的西古北区，这些症状大多通常与一种或几种木质部变色的存在有关。
