Krampen G, Fischer M
Universität Trier, FBI-Psychologie.
Z Klin Psychol Psychopathol Psychother. 1988;36(2):100-17.
After a literature review about 45 studies on control orientations in alcoholism research, which focus literature from 1977 to 1986, the theoretical background of these studies is discussed. In contrast to the earlier findings, which were founded upon onedimensional measures of generalized locus of control, the results of recent studies, which use multidimensional or domain-specific measures of control orientations, show consistently, (1) that alcoholics before and at the beginning of a treatment have low internality, higher powerful others externality, and especially high chance control orientations, (2) that control orientations have a special diagnostic value for alcoholics, (3) that internality increases during inpatient treatments, and (4) that control orientations measured before or at the beginning of a treatment are comparatively good predictors of treatment effects (treatment dropouts, abstinence, relapse). There are too first empirical hints for the indicative value of control orientations for special treatment programs. Besides the hypothesis of loss of control in drinking and the approach of social-cognitive learning theory to alcoholism a developmental, action-theoretical founded model of drug abuse is described, which can not only integrate recent results on control orientations in alcoholism research but also opens perspectives for a more systematic, theory-based research.
在对45项关于酗酒研究中控制取向的研究进行文献综述后（这些研究聚焦于1977年至1986年的文献），讨论了这些研究的理论背景。与早期基于一般控制点的一维测量结果不同，近期使用多维或特定领域控制取向测量方法的研究结果一致表明：（1）酗酒者在治疗前及治疗开始时，内在性较低，对有势力他人的外在性较高，尤其是机遇控制取向较高；（2）控制取向对酗酒者具有特殊的诊断价值；（3）内在性在住院治疗期间会增加；（4）治疗前或治疗开始时测量的控制取向是治疗效果（治疗中断、戒酒、复发）的较好预测指标。对于控制取向在特殊治疗项目中的指示价值，也有初步的实证线索。除了饮酒失控假说以及社会认知学习理论对酗酒的研究方法外，还描述了一种基于发展和行动理论的药物滥用模型，该模型不仅能整合酗酒研究中关于控制取向的近期结果，还为更系统的、基于理论的研究开辟了前景。
