Foundation Prof. Antonio Imbesi, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy.
Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, Polo Annunziata, Viale Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2019 Jul;411(19):4819-4829. doi: 10.1007/s00216-019-01649-w. Epub 2019 Feb 8.
Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and it is a small tree species. It is native of the Middle East and Central Asia, but currently, it is cultivated also in California and in some Mediterranean countries, such as Greece and Italy. The most important pistachio producers are Iran, the USA, and Turkey. Besides being a delicious nut, pistachio, due to its wholesome nutritional properties, could be considered as a functional food. According to the results of several studies, pistachios have been proven to have various groups of valuable phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, isoflavones, flavanones, stilbenes, and phenolic acids, possessing excellent biological activities. The most common analytical technique employed for their analysis is represented by liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection. However, conventional LC can present some limits especially in terms of resolving power. In this contribution, as a powerful alternative, comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) was applied to the determination of the polyphenolic fraction of pistachio kernels from different geographical origins. A 150-mm micro-bore cyano column (2.7 μm d) and 50-mm superficially porous C18 silica column (2.7 μm d) in the first (D) and second (D) dimensions were employed, respectively. For boosting orthogonality, a shift D gradient was investigated leading to an increase in the overall peak capacity. The newly developed LC×LC method showed satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, precision and accuracy, which was then applied to sample quantitative analysis. A total of 51 different polyphenolic compounds were determined in the four samples investigated and 18 out of them are hereby reported for the first time.
开心果（Pistacia vera L.）属于漆树科，是一种小型树种。它原产于中东和中亚，但目前也在加利福尼亚和一些地中海国家（如希腊和意大利）种植。最重要的开心果生产国是伊朗、美国和土耳其。除了作为一种美味的坚果外，开心果由于其健康的营养特性，也可以被视为一种功能性食品。根据多项研究的结果，开心果已被证明含有各种有价值的植物化学物质，如花青素、黄烷醇、原花青素、类黄酮、异黄酮、黄烷酮、白藜芦醇和酚酸，具有出色的生物活性。最常用的分析技术是液相色谱法与光电二极管阵列和质谱检测联用。然而，传统的 LC 可能存在一些限制，特别是在分辨率方面。在本研究中，作为一种强大的替代方法，全面二维液相色谱（LC×LC）被应用于不同地理起源的开心果仁中多酚类物质的测定。在第一维和第二维中，分别使用了 150 毫米微径氰基柱（2.7μm d）和 50 毫米表面多孔 C18 硅胶柱（2.7μm d）。为了提高正交性，研究了梯度 D 移动，这导致了整体峰容量的增加。新开发的 LC×LC 方法表现出令人满意的线性、灵敏度、精密度和准确性，随后应用于样品定量分析。在所研究的四个样品中，共测定了 51 种不同的多酚化合物，其中 18 种化合物为首次报道。
