Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584, CS, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2019 Aug;47(8):1379-1389. doi: 10.1007/s10802-019-00517-6.
A Social Skills Deficit Model for depression in adolescence was tested, proposing that less optimal nonverbal behavior elicits negative reactions in peer partners, which in turn result in depressive symptoms. Adolescents (12-17 years of age) participated in videotaped same-sex interactions. Several positive and negative nonverbal behaviors were coded. Two analyses were conducted using longitudinal data collected in four waves. First, the predictive role of nonverbal communication for depressive symptoms was tested in a normative sample of 170 adolescent dyads without (mild) depression at wave 1 (48% girls). Second, in a subsample of 31 adolescents who developed (sub)clinical depression in wave 2-4, behaviors during peer interactions prior to the development of depression were compared with behaviors of 31 matched controls that did not show mild depression in any wave (55% girls). Only gazing behavior showed the expected relationships. In girls, less gazing in targets was related to less gazing in peers, and if this response occurred, it subsequently predicted later depressive symptoms of targets. The importance of gazing behavior was confirmed in the (sub)clinical sample where girls, prior to increases in depressive symptoms, gazed less and boys gazed more as compared to controls. Interaction partners of these girls and boys also responded with less gazing. The findings indicate that nonverbal social skills are related to the development of depression in youth, particularly in girls.
研究测试了一种青少年抑郁症的社交技能缺陷模型，提出不太理想的非言语行为会引起同伴伙伴的负面反应，从而导致抑郁症状。青少年（12-17 岁）参与了同性别的录像互动。对几种积极和消极的非言语行为进行了编码。使用在四个波次中收集的纵向数据进行了两项分析。首先，在没有（轻度）抑郁的 170 对青少年对的规范样本中，测试了非言语交流对抑郁症状的预测作用（第 1 波中 48%的女孩）。其次，在 31 名在第 2-4 波中发展出（亚临床）抑郁症的青少年亚组中，与在发展出抑郁症之前的同伴互动中表现出的行为相比，与在任何波次中都没有表现出轻度抑郁的 31 名匹配对照者的行为进行了比较（55%的女孩）。只有凝视行为显示出了预期的关系。在女孩中，对目标的凝视减少与对同伴的凝视减少有关，如果出现这种反应，随后会预测目标的抑郁症状。在（亚临床）样本中，凝视行为的重要性得到了证实，在这些样本中，与对照组相比，女孩在抑郁症状增加之前的注视减少，男孩的注视增加。这些女孩和男孩的互动伙伴也以较少的注视作为回应。研究结果表明，非言语社交技能与青少年抑郁的发展有关，尤其是在女孩中。
