Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan; Professor emeritus, The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo and Niigata, Japan.
Department of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan.
Ann Anat. 2019 May;223:19-31. doi: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.01.008. Epub 2019 Feb 6.
To clarify the role of the primate tongue as a means to better understand the evolution of oral function among primates - an example of adaptation within the restricted phylogenetic group - we review the morphological knowledge of the tongues of extant primates in relation to phylogenetic classification. Prosimians tongues are more effective than those of Haplorhini for taking up food with the tongue alone, because they are capable of fine movement when outside the oral cavity. However, the role of the tongue in food uptake has diminished when juxtaposed with progress in hand manipulation of food and tools in Haplorhini, especially with the manipulation of tools by Homininae. This change in the tongue from prosimians to Homininae can be regarded as degeneration in food uptake by the tongue, although the functional role of the tongue within the oral cavity has not diminished. The distribution pattern and form of lingual papillae, except foliate papillae, are very similar among all reported primates species. Although foliate papillae are generally well developed in Haplorhini, most prosimian species have no foliate papillae, or a different type of papillae that substitute for foliate papillae. There are three vallate papillae in prosimian species and the New-World macaques, Platyrrhini. These papillae exhibit an inverted V-shape and are more numerous in Old World macaques, Catarrhini. These differences seem to be the result of phylogenetic origin.
为了阐明灵长类动物的舌头在灵长类动物口腔功能进化中的作用——这是在受限的系统发育群体内适应的一个例子——我们回顾了现存灵长类动物舌头的形态学知识，以了解与系统发育分类的关系。与 Haplorhini 相比，原猴类的舌头更适合用舌头单独取食，因为它们在口腔外可以进行精细的运动。然而，当 Haplorhini 的手对食物和工具的操纵，尤其是人亚科对工具的操纵取得进展时，用舌头取食的作用已经减弱。从原猴类到人亚科，这种舌头的变化可以被视为舌头在取食方面的退化，尽管舌头在口腔内的功能作用并没有减弱。除了叶状乳头外，所有报道的灵长类物种的舌乳头分布模式和形态都非常相似。虽然叶状乳头在 Haplorhini 中通常发育良好，但大多数原猴类物种没有叶状乳头，或者有不同类型的乳头代替叶状乳头。在原猴类和新世界猴类（阔鼻猴类）中，有三个舌状乳头。这些乳头呈倒 V 形，在旧世界猴类（狭鼻猴类）中数量更多。这些差异似乎是系统发育起源的结果。
