El Jarroudi M, Giraud F, Vrancken C, Junk J, Tychon B, Hoffmann L, Delfosse P
Université de Liège - Campus d'Arlon, 185 Avenue de Longwy, B-6700 Arlon, Belgium.
Centre de Recherche Public - Gabriel Lippmann, Département Environnement et Agro-Biotechnologies (EVA), 41, Rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg.
Plant Dis. 2009 Sep;93(9):971. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-93-9-0971A.
Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. was identified for the first time in 2000 in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg on the basis of orange-to-brown, round-to-ovoid, erumpent uredinia (1 to 1.5 mm in diameter) scattered on the upper and lower leaf surfaces and producing orange-brown urediniospores that are subgloboid, approximately 20 μm in diameter, and with up to eight germ pore scattered in thick, echinulate walls. In a second phase, wheat was monitored weekly (starting from Zadoks growth stage 30, pseudo stem erection) during the 2003-2008 cropping seasons for wheat leaf rust. Disease severity (percentage of leaf area with symptoms) was recorded in four, replicated field experiments located in three villages (Diekirch District: Reuler; and Grevenmacher District: Burmerange and Christnach), which are representative of the different agroclimatological zones of Luxembourg. A significant difference in severity was observed between the sites (P < 0.01) and the years (P < 0.05). Over the 6-year period, Burmerange and Reuler consistently showed the highest and lowest disease severity, respectively. In 2003 and 2007, Burmerange (a southern site with the highest average spring temperatures of 13.6 and 14.0°C, respectively) showed the highest disease severity with 66 and 57%, respectively, whereas the lowest severity (<1% for both years) was observed in the north at Reuler (site with the lowest average spring temperatures of 12.0 and 12.4°C, respectively). Christnach, located midway between Reuler and Burmerange, showed an intermediate disease severity with 7% (2003) and 22% (2007). The disease appeared at growth stages 77 (late milk) and 87 (hard dough) in the period 2003-2005, but at an earlier stage (45, boots swollen) for 2006-2008 (P < 0.001). In 2005, low severity was recorded due to a severe drought during May, June, and July. A reason for this earlier appearance of leaf rust occurrences in the two districts may be related to an increase in the average spring temperature (average March to May temperature for Luxembourg was 8.3°C for the 1971-2000 period, 9.5°C for the 2003-2005 period, 9.9°C for the 2006-2008 period, 2007 was exceptional with 11.9°C, P < 0.01). In the past, cereal disease management strategies were oriented toward the control of predominant and yield-reducing diseases such as that caused by Septoria tritici Desm. Because the succession of mild winters and warm springs during the last 5 years allowed the early occurrence and the fast development of wheat leaf rust in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, it is advisable to take this disease into account in fungicide application schemes.
由小麦叶锈菌（Puccinia triticina Eriks.）引起的小麦叶锈病于2000年首次在卢森堡大公国被发现，其依据是在上、下叶表面散生有橙色至褐色、圆形至卵形、突破表皮的夏孢子堆（直径1至1.5毫米），产生橙色至褐色的夏孢子，这些夏孢子近球形，直径约20微米，厚壁具刺，有多达8个芽孔。在第二阶段，于2003 - 2008年种植季期间，从小麦的Zadoks生长阶段30（假茎直立）开始，每周对小麦叶锈病进行监测。在位于三个村庄（迪基希区：勒勒；格雷文马赫区：布尔默朗日和克里斯塔纳赫）的四个重复田间试验中记录病情严重程度（有症状叶面积的百分比），这三个村庄代表了卢森堡不同的农业气候区。各试验点之间（P < 0.01）以及各年份之间（P < 0.05）病情严重程度存在显著差异。在这6年期间，布尔默朗日和勒勒分别始终呈现出最高和最低的病情严重程度。2003年和2007年，布尔默朗日（南部试验点，平均春季温度分别为13.6°C和14.0°C，为最高）病情严重程度最高，分别为66%和57%，而在北部的勒勒（平均春季温度分别为12.0°C和12.4°C，为最低）病情严重程度最低（两年均<1%）。位于勒勒和布尔默朗日中间的克里斯塔纳赫病情严重程度处于中等水平，2003年为7%，2007年为22%。该病害在2003 - 2005年期间出现在生长阶段77（乳熟后期）和87（硬面团期），但在2006 - 2008年出现在更早阶段（45，孕穗膨大期）（P < 0.001）。2005年，由于5月、6月和7月严重干旱，病情严重程度较低。这两个区叶锈病发病时间提前的一个原因可能与春季平均温度升高有关（1971 - 2000年期间卢森堡3月至5月平均温度为8.3°C，2003 - 2005年期间为9.5°C，2006 - 2008年期间为9.9°C，2007年例外，为11.9°C，P < 0.01）。过去，谷物病害管理策略主要针对控制诸如由小麦壳针孢（Septoria tritici Desm.）引起的主要致害且导致产量降低的病害。由于过去5年温和冬季和温暖春季的相继出现，使得卢森堡大公国小麦叶锈病提前发生且快速发展，因此在杀菌剂施用方案中考虑这种病害是明智的。
