Kimmel H D, Lachnit H
Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa 33620.
Biol Psychol. 1988 Oct;27(2):95-112. doi: 10.1016/0301-0511(88)90044-0.
Theoretical predictions regarding differential phasic responding to the same phasic conditioned stimulus in two different tonic contexts, generated by a computer simulation of the Rescorla-Wagner theory of classical conditioning, were compared to empirical evidence of phasic switching in two studies of transswitching of the skin conductance response in humans. Significant phasic switching was found in both studies, but the Rescorla-Wagner theory substantially underestimated the obtained differences. It was shown that the theory predicts phasic differences that are more in accord with empirical data when the salience (alpha) of the contextual stimuli is assumed to be much greater than the salience (alpha) of the phasic conditioned stimulus. This modification in salience relationships, however, makes the Rescorla-Wagner theory more like Asratyan's theory of transswitching. Analysis of both tonic and phasic differentiation in experimental groups run with two different phasic stimuli AND two different tonic stimuli or with two phasic stimuli and only one tonic stimulus provided support for the conclusion that tonic response differentiation is a necessary precondition for obtaining phasic switching. It is suggested that the Rescorla-Wagner theory fails to account for phasic switching because it treats tonic and phasic stimuli as essentially equivalent, ignoring the fact that the tonic stimulus is present prior to the time that phasic stimuli occur and that responses to the tonic stimuli can occur during the period following tonic stimulus onset and preceding the administration of phasic stimuli.
通过对经典条件作用的雷斯克拉 - 瓦格纳理论进行计算机模拟，得出了关于在两种不同的紧张性情境中对同一相位条件刺激的差异相位反应的理论预测，并将其与两项关于人类皮肤电导反应转换的研究中相位转换的实证证据进行了比较。两项研究均发现了显著的相位转换，但雷斯克拉 - 瓦格纳理论大大低估了所获得的差异。结果表明，当假设情境刺激的显著性（α）远大于相位条件刺激的显著性（α）时，该理论预测的相位差异更符合实证数据。然而，这种显著性关系的改变使雷斯克拉 - 瓦格纳理论更类似于阿斯拉蒂扬的转换理论。对使用两种不同的相位刺激和两种不同的紧张性刺激或两种相位刺激和仅一种紧张性刺激的实验组中的紧张性和相位差异进行分析，为紧张性反应差异是获得相位转换的必要前提这一结论提供了支持。有人认为，雷斯克拉 - 瓦格纳理论无法解释相位转换，因为它将紧张性和相位刺激视为基本等效，忽略了紧张性刺激在相位刺激出现之前就已存在，以及对紧张性刺激的反应可能发生在紧张性刺激开始后且在相位刺激施加之前这段时间内这一事实。
