a Molecular Cancer Research Group, Department of Medical Biology , University of Tromsø -The Arctic University of Norway , Tromsø , Norway.
b Structural Biology , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK.
Autophagy. 2019 Aug;15(8):1333-1355. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1581009. Epub 2019 Mar 4.
Autophagosome formation depends on a carefully orchestrated interplay between membrane-associated protein complexes. Initiation of macroautophagy/autophagy is mediated by the ULK1 (unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1) protein kinase complex and the autophagy-specific class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex I (PtdIns3K-C1). The latter contains PIK3C3/VPS34, PIK3R4/VPS15, BECN1/Beclin 1 and ATG14 and phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol to generate phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P). Here, we show that PIK3C3, BECN1 and ATG14 contain functional LIR motifs and interact with the Atg8-family proteins with a preference for GABARAP and GABARAPL1. High resolution crystal structures of the functional LIR motifs of these core components of PtdIns3K-C1were obtained. Variation in hydrophobic pocket 2 (HP2) may explain the specificity for the GABARAP family. Mutation of the LIR motif in ATG14 did not prevent formation of the PtdIns3K-C1 complex, but blocked colocalization with MAP1LC3B/LC3B and impaired mitophagy. The ULK-mediated phosphorylation of S29 in ATG14 was strongly dependent on a functional LIR motif in ATG14. GABARAP-preferring LIR motifs in PIK3C3, BECN1 and ATG14 may, via coincidence detection, contribute to scaffolding of PtdIns3K-C1 on membranes for efficient autophagosome formation. ATG: autophagy-related; BafA1: bafilomycin A; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; KO: knockout; LDS: LIR docking site; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PIK3C3: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; VPS: Vacuolar protein sorting; ULK: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase.
自噬体的形成依赖于膜相关蛋白复合物之间的精心协调相互作用。巨自噬/自噬的起始由 ULK1(非典型卷曲相关激酶 1)蛋白激酶复合物和自噬特异性 III 型磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶复合物 I(PI3K-C1)介导。后者包含 PIK3C3/VPS34、PIK3R4/VPS15、BECN1/Beclin 1 和 ATG14,并将磷脂酰肌醇磷酸化生成磷脂酰肌醇 3-磷酸(PtdIns3P)。在这里,我们表明 PIK3C3、BECN1 和 ATG14 含有功能性 LIR 基序,并与 Atg8 家族蛋白相互作用,对 GABARAP 和 GABARAPL1 具有偏好性。获得了 PI3K-C1 这些核心成分的功能性 LIR 基序的高分辨率晶体结构。疏水口袋 2(HP2)的变化可能解释了对 GABARAP 家族的特异性。ATG14 中 LIR 基序的突变并没有阻止 PI3K-C1 复合物的形成,但阻断了与 MAP1LC3B/LC3B 的共定位,并损害了线粒体自噬。ULK 介导的 ATG14 中 S29 的磷酸化强烈依赖于 ATG14 中功能性 LIR 基序。PIK3C3、BECN1 和 ATG14 中的 GABARAP 偏好性 LIR 基序可能通过巧合检测,有助于将 PI3K-C1 支架在膜上,以有效地形成自噬体。ATG:自噬相关;BafA1:巴弗霉素 A;GABARAP:GABA A 型受体相关蛋白;GABARAPL1:GABA A 型受体相关蛋白样 1;GFP:增强型绿色荧光蛋白;KO:敲除;LDS:LIR 对接位点;LIR:LC3 相互作用区;MAP1LC3/LC3:微管相关蛋白 1 轻链 3;PIK3C3:磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶催化亚基 3;PIK3R4:磷酸肌醇 3-激酶调节亚基 4;PtdIns3K:磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶;PtdIns3P:磷脂酰肌醇-3-磷酸;SQSTM1/p62:自噬体相关蛋白 1;VPS:液泡蛋白分选;ULK:非典型卷曲相关激酶 1。