IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan Italy.
IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan Italy; University of Milan, Italy.
Breast. 2019 Apr;44:128-134. doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.02.003. Epub 2019 Feb 7.
The immune system plays a dual role of host-protecting and tumor-promoting, as elegantly expressed by the 'cancer immunoediting' hypothesis. Although breast cancer has not been traditionally considered to be immunogenic, recently there is accumulating and solid evidence on the association between immune system and breast cancer. To mount an effective anti-tumor response, host immunosurveillance must recognize tumor-specific epitopes, thus defining the antigenicity of a tumor. Neoantigens are mutant cancer peptides that arise as terminal products of the expression of somatic cancer mutations. Neoantigens and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins present together to effector cells of the immune system. Neoantigen vaccines have shown promising results in inducing neoantigen-specific T-cell responses. Currently, cancer vaccines are under evaluation in breast cancer to avoid recurrences in patients at high risk despite optimal standard therapy. Given the promise of a very specific long-term antitumor immune response, the development of cancer vaccines continues is of great interest. Combinations of neoantigen vaccines and other immunotherapies are also studied to evade cancer immune escape.
免疫系统具有宿主保护和促进肿瘤的双重作用，这一观点被“癌症免疫编辑”假说优雅地表达出来。尽管乳腺癌传统上不被认为具有免疫原性，但最近有越来越多的证据表明免疫系统与乳腺癌之间存在关联。为了产生有效的抗肿瘤反应，宿主免疫监视必须识别肿瘤特异性表位，从而定义肿瘤的抗原性。新抗原是体细胞癌症突变表达的末端产物产生的突变癌症肽。新抗原和主要组织相容性复合体 (MHC) 蛋白一起呈递给免疫系统的效应细胞。新抗原疫苗已显示出在诱导新抗原特异性 T 细胞反应方面的有前景的结果。目前，癌症疫苗正在乳腺癌中进行评估，以避免在接受最佳标准治疗后仍处于高风险的患者中复发。鉴于非常特异性的长期抗肿瘤免疫反应的前景，癌症疫苗的开发仍然非常有意义。新抗原疫苗与其他免疫疗法的联合应用也在研究中，以逃避癌症的免疫逃逸。
