Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
Development. 2019 Feb 18;146(4):dev156059. doi: 10.1242/dev.156059.
In the adult rodent brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) persist in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ), which are specialized niches in which young neurons for the olfactory bulb (OB) and hippocampus, respectively, are generated. Recent studies have significantly modified earlier views on the mechanisms of NSC self-renewal and neurogenesis in the adult brain. Here, we discuss the molecular control, heterogeneity, regional specification and cell division modes of V-SVZ NSCs, and draw comparisons with NSCs in the SGZ. We highlight how V-SVZ NSCs are regulated by local signals from their immediate neighbors, as well as by neurotransmitters and factors that are secreted by distant neurons, the choroid plexus and vasculature. We also review recent advances in single cell RNA analyses that reveal the complexity of adult neurogenesis. These findings set the stage for a better understanding of adult neurogenesis, a process that one day may inspire new approaches to brain repair.
在成年啮齿动物的大脑中，神经干细胞（NSCs）存在于脑室下区（V-SVZ）和颗粒下区（SGZ），这是分别产生嗅球（OB）和海马神经元的专门龛位。最近的研究极大地改变了人们对成年大脑中 NSCs 自我更新和神经发生机制的早期观点。在这里，我们讨论了 V-SVZ NSCs 的分子控制、异质性、区域特化和细胞分裂模式，并与 SGZ 中的 NSCs 进行了比较。我们强调了 V-SVZ NSCs 如何受到其邻近细胞的局部信号以及神经递质和由远处神经元、脉络丛和血管分泌的因子的调节。我们还回顾了单细胞 RNA 分析的最新进展，这些进展揭示了成年神经发生的复杂性。这些发现为更好地理解成年神经发生奠定了基础，这一过程有一天可能会激发新的大脑修复方法。
