Department of Biological, Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Legon, Ghana.
Department of Statistics, University of Ghana, Accra, Legon, Ghana.
Environ Manage. 2019 May;63(5):574-582. doi: 10.1007/s00267-019-01150-1.
The influence of area-based socioeconomic (SE) conditions on environmental quality conditions has recently been reported showing the precise spatial relationship between area-based SE conditions and neighborhood environmental quality in an urban area in a low-income setting. Nonetheless, there is still a lack of understanding of the nature of the relationship on a temporal scale. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic temporal relationship between area-based SE conditions and urban environmental quality conditions over a decadal period in Accra, Ghana. The results showed that there were differences in environmental quality across the SE quintiles in space (with regard to per capita waste generation (p < 0.012), waste collection/clearing (p < 0.01), and waste deposition (p < 0.001) and that the urban environmental quality conditions had changed dramatically over the decade for most of the environmental variables (p < 0.001). Despite the enormous urban development initiatives, some of the environmental quality indicators (e.g., proportion of households without flush toilet/Water Closet, connection to central sewer p < 0.001) appeared to have worsened in the high class quintile, suggesting that a high proportion of households were without acceptable sanitation facilities. The study concludes that urban development in low-income countries will need to follow strictly international best practice by observing standardized building codes and guidelines, if progress should be made in meeting the Millennium Development Goals targets.
基于区域的社会经济（SE）条件对环境质量的影响最近已经有报道，该研究显示了在低收入环境下城市区域内基于区域的 SE 条件与邻里环境质量之间的精确空间关系。然而，对于时间尺度上的关系性质仍然缺乏了解。本研究旨在调查加纳阿克拉市十年来基于区域的 SE 条件与城市环境质量条件之间的动态时间关系。结果表明，SE 五分位数之间存在环境质量的差异（人均垃圾产生量（p<0.012）、垃圾收集/清理（p<0.01）和垃圾沉积（p<0.001），并且在大多数环境变量方面，城市环境质量条件在十年来发生了巨大变化（p<0.001）。尽管有大量的城市发展计划，但一些环境质量指标（例如，没有冲水马桶/水厕的家庭比例，与中央下水道的连接（p<0.001）在高五分位数中似乎有所恶化，表明相当一部分家庭没有可接受的卫生设施。研究得出结论，低收入国家的城市发展需要严格遵循国际最佳实践，遵守标准化的建筑规范和准则，如果要在实现千年发展目标方面取得进展，就必须如此。
