Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue (MC-3077), Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019 Jul;236(7):2083-2092. doi: 10.1007/s00213-019-05202-6. Epub 2019 Feb 22.
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS or e-cigarettes) share salient features of combustible smoking, such as inhalation and exhalation behaviors, and evidence indicates that first- and second-generation ENDS generalize as smoking cues. The present study examined whether newer, tank-based third-generation ENDS ("mods") also evoke smoking urges, and whether enhancing the visibility of exhaled aerosol clouds-by increasing the e-liquid vegetable glycerin (VG) content-strengthens the cue salience of ENDS.
The objective was to assess the role of exhaled aerosol clouds on ENDS cue potency using a standardized laboratory paradigm designed to mimic real-world exposures.
Using a mixed design, young adult smokers (n = 50; mean age 26.5 years; ≥ 5 cigarettes/day) observed a study confederate drinking bottled water (control cue) and vaping an ENDS mod containing e-liquid with either high (73%) or low (0%) VG. Participants completed the Brief Questionnaire on Smoking Urges (BQSU) and visual analog scales (VAS) assessing cigarette and e-cigarette desire pre- and post-cue exposure.
Increasing the e-liquid content of VG enhanced the size and visibility of the exhaled aerosol clouds and evoked a greater increase in smoking desire and a more sustained increase in e-cigarette desire relative to the low VG cue. Both cues elicited increases in smoking urges. These results remained after controlling for sex, prior ENDS experience, recent smoking behavior, and menthol preference.
Observation of tank-based ENDS use generalizes as a smoking cue and its cue salience is strengthened by increasing the e-liquid content of VG to enhance the visibility of the exhaled aerosol cloud.
电子尼古丁传送系统（ENDS 或电子烟）与可燃吸烟具有显著的共同特征，如吸入和呼出行为，并且有证据表明第一代和第二代 ENDS 普遍作为吸烟线索。本研究旨在检验新型的、基于罐的第三代 ENDS（“mods”）是否也会引起吸烟欲望，以及通过增加电子烟液中的蔬菜甘油（VG）含量来增强呼出气溶胶云的可见度是否会增强 ENDS 的线索显著性。
本研究旨在使用旨在模拟现实暴露的标准化实验室范式，评估呼出气溶胶云对 ENDS 线索效力的作用。
使用混合设计，年轻成年吸烟者（n=50；平均年龄 26.5 岁；≥5 支/天）观察研究的同谋者喝瓶装水（对照线索）和吸食含有高（73%）或低（0%）VG 的电子烟液的 ENDS mod。参与者在暴露于线索前后完成吸烟欲望简短问卷（BQSU）和视觉模拟量表（VAS），评估香烟和电子烟的渴望。
增加 VG 的电子烟液含量会增强呼出气溶胶云的大小和可见度，与低 VG 线索相比，引起更大的吸烟欲望增加和更持久的电子烟欲望增加。两个线索都引起了吸烟欲望的增加。这些结果在控制性别、之前的 ENDS 经验、最近的吸烟行为和薄荷醇偏好后仍然存在。
观察基于罐的 ENDS 使用会作为吸烟线索产生普遍性，并且通过增加 VG 的电子烟液含量来增强呼出气溶胶云的可见度，会增强其线索显著性。
