Chlorophyll-carotenoid excitation energy transfer and charge transfer in for the regulation of photosynthesis.

Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is a proxy for photoprotective thermal dissipation processes that regulate photosynthetic light harvesting. The identification of NPQ mechanisms and their molecular or physiological triggering factors under in vivo conditions is a matter of controversy. Here, to investigate chlorophyll (Chl)-zeaxanthin (Zea) excitation energy transfer (EET) and charge transfer (CT) as possible NPQ mechanisms, we performed transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy on live cells of the microalga We obtained evidence for the operation of both EET and CT quenching by observing spectral features associated with the Zea S and Zea excited-state absorption (ESA) signals, respectively, after Chl excitation. Knockout mutants for genes encoding either violaxanthin de-epoxidase or LHCX1 proteins exhibited strongly inhibited NPQ capabilities and lacked detectable Zea S and Zea ESA signals in vivo, which strongly suggests that the accumulation of Zea and active LHCX1 is essential for both EET and CT quenching in .