Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.
Pediatrics. 2019 Mar;143(3). doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-2609.
Ultrasound has become a useful tool in the workup of pediatric patients because of the highly convenient, cost-effective, and safe nature of the examination. With rapid advancements in anatomic and functional ultrasound techniques over the recent years, the diagnostic and interventional utility of ultrasound has risen tremendously. Advanced ultrasound techniques constitute a suite of new technologies that employ microbubbles to provide contrast and enhance flow visualization, elastography to measure tissue stiffness, ultrafast Doppler to deliver high spatiotemporal resolution of flow, three- and four-dimensional technique to generate accurate spatiotemporal representation of anatomy, and high-frequency imaging to delineate anatomic structures at a resolution down to 30 μm. Application of these techniques can enhance the diagnosis of organ injury, viable tumor, and vascular pathologies at bedside. This has significant clinical implications in pediatric patients who are not easy candidates for lengthy MRI or radiation-requiring examination, and are also in need of a highly sensitive bedside technique for therapeutic guidance. To best use the currently available, advanced ultrasound techniques for pediatric patients, it is necessary to understand the diagnostic utility of each technique. In this review, we will educate the readers of emerging ultrasound techniques and their respective clinical applications.
超声已成为儿科患者检查中的一种有用工具，因为其具有高度便利、高性价比和安全的特性。近年来，解剖和功能超声技术迅速发展，超声的诊断和介入应用有了极大的提升。高级超声技术构成了一系列新技术，这些技术采用微泡提供对比并增强血流可视化、弹性成像测量组织硬度、超快多普勒提供高时空分辨率的血流、三维和四维技术生成准确的时空解剖结构表示，以及高频成像以达到分辨率达 30μm 的解剖结构描绘。这些技术的应用可以增强床边器官损伤、存活肿瘤和血管病变的诊断。对于那些不适合进行长时间 MRI 或需要辐射检查的儿科患者，以及需要高度敏感的床边治疗指导技术的患者，这具有重要的临床意义。为了最好地利用目前可用于儿科患者的高级超声技术，有必要了解每种技术的诊断效用。在这篇综述中，我们将向读者介绍新兴的超声技术及其各自的临床应用。
