CIESOL, Joint Centre University of Almeria-CIEMAT, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, E-04120, Almeria, Spain.
Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, Carretera Senés Km 4, 04200, Tabernas, Almería, Spain.
Environ Pollut. 2019 Apr;247:1009-1019. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.001. Epub 2019 Feb 5.
Transformation of organic microcontaminants (OMCs) during wastewater treatments results in the generation of transformation products (TPs), which can be more persistent than parent compounds. Due to reuse of reclaimed wastewater (RWW) for crop irrigation, OMCs and TPs are released in soils being capable to translocate to crops. Furthermore, OMCs are also susceptible to transformation once they reach the soil or crops. The recalcitrant antiepileptic carbamazepine (CBZ) and some of its frequently reported TPs have been found in agricultural systems. However, there is no knowledge about the fate in reuse practices of multiple CBZ TPs that can be formed during wastewater treatment processes. For the first time, this work presents a study of the behavior of CBZ TPs generated after a conventional Ultraviolet-C (UVC) treatment in an agricultural environment. The UVC-treated water was used for the irrigation of lettuces grown under controlled conditions. The latter was compared to the fate of TPs generated in the peat and plant by irrigation with non-treated water containing CBZ. A suspect screening strategy was developed to identify the TPs using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight (LC-QTOF-MS). The results revealed the presence of 24 TPs, 22 in UVC-treated water, 11 in peat and 9 in lettuce leaves. 4 of the TPs identified in peat (iminostilbene, TP 271B, TP 285A-B); and 3 in leaves (10-11 dihydrocarbamazepine, TP 271A-B) were not previously reported in soils or edible parts of crops, respectively. Comparing the TPs found in peat and lettuces derived from both irrigation conditions, no significant differences regarding TPs formation or occurrence were observed. UVC treatment did not contribute to the formation of different TPs than those generated by transformation or metabolism of CBZ in peat or plant material. This research improves the current knowledge on the fate of CBZ TPs in agricultural systems because of reuse practices.
有机微污染物（OMCs）在废水处理过程中的转化会生成转化产物（TPs），这些产物可能比母体化合物更持久。由于再生水（RWW）被重新用于作物灌溉，因此 OMCs 和 TPs 会释放到土壤中，并有可能转移到作物中。此外，一旦 OMCs 到达土壤或作物中，它们也容易发生转化。具有抗癫痫作用的卡马西平（CBZ）和一些经常报道的 TPs 已在农业系统中被发现。然而，对于在废水处理过程中形成的多种 CBZ TPs 在再利用实践中的命运，目前还没有相关知识。这是首次研究了在农业环境中经过传统紫外线-C（UVC）处理后生成的 CBZ TPs 的行为。用 UVC 处理过的水用于在受控条件下灌溉生菜。将其与用含有 CBZ 的未经处理的水灌溉时在泥炭和植物中生成的 TPs 的命运进行了比较。采用液质联用四级杆飞行时间（LC-QTOF-MS）建立了一种可疑筛选策略来鉴定 TPs。结果表明，存在 24 种 TPs，其中 22 种存在于 UVC 处理过的水中，11 种存在于泥炭中，9 种存在于生菜叶中。在泥炭中鉴定出的 4 种 TPs（亚氨基芪，TP 271B，TP 285A-B）和在叶片中鉴定出的 3 种 TPs（10-11 二氢卡马西平，TP 271A-B）分别以前没有在土壤或作物可食用部分中报道过。比较两种灌溉条件下在泥炭和生菜中发现的 TPs，在 TPs 的形成或存在方面没有观察到显著差异。UVC 处理并没有导致与在泥炭或植物材料中通过 CBZ 转化或代谢生成的 TPs 不同的 TPs 形成。由于再利用实践，这项研究提高了农业系统中 CBZ TPs 命运的现有知识。
