Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Dana 2, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2019 Apr;33(2):275-290. doi: 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.12.008. Epub 2019 Jan 28.
The development of immunotherapy to target cancer has led to improved treatment of many types of malignancy. The immune checkpoint inhibitors are a class of medications that block cell signaling and allow the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 inhibitors have been approved as treatment options in many different types of localized and advanced malignancies. Immune checkpoint inhibitors can be associated with unique side effects known as immune-related adverse events. Side effects most commonly occur in the skin, gastrointestinal tract, lung, and endocrine glands but can affect other organ systems as well.
免疫疗法针对癌症的发展导致了许多类型恶性肿瘤治疗效果的改善。免疫检查点抑制剂是一类可阻断细胞信号转导并使免疫系统识别和攻击癌细胞的药物。CTLA-4、PD-1 和 PD-L1 抑制剂已被批准用于多种局部和晚期恶性肿瘤的治疗选择。免疫检查点抑制剂可能会引起独特的称为免疫相关不良反应的副作用。副作用最常发生在皮肤、胃肠道、肺和内分泌腺，但也可能影响其他器官系统。
