Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA.
Atmospheric Research & Analysis, Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 1;654:1293-1304. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.047. Epub 2018 Nov 6.
Ambient air particulate matter (PM) was collected at the Wood Buffalo Environmental Association Bertha Ganter Fort McKay monitoring station in the Athabasca Oil Sand Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada from February 2010 to July 2011 as part of an air quality source assessment study. Daily 24-hour duration fine (PM) and coarse (PM) PM was collected using a sequential dichotomous sampler. 100 pairs of PM and PM were selected for lead (Pb) concentration and isotope analysis. Pb isotope and concentration results from 250 epiphytic lichen samples collected as far as 160 km from surface mining operations in 2008, 2011, and 2014 were analyzed to examine longer term spatial variations in Pb source contributions. A key finding was recognition of thorogenic Pb from eastern Asia in the springtime in the PM in 2010 and 2011. Pb/Pb and Pb/Pb isotope ratios were used in a three-component mixing model to quantify local, regional, and global Pb sources in the PM and lichen data sets. 47 ± 3% of the Pb in the PM at AMS-1 was attributed to sources from eastern Asia. Combined results from PM and PM indicate PM Pb contributions from eastern Asia (34%) exceed local AOSR sources of PM Pb (20%), western Canada sources of PM Pb (19%), and PM Pb from fugitive dust including oil sands (14%), tailings (10%), and haul roads (3%). The lichen analysis indicates regional sources contribute 46% of the Pb, local sources 32%, and global sources 22% over the 2008-2014 timeframe. Local sources dominate atmospheric Pb deposition to lichens at near field sites (0-30 km from mining operations) whereas regional Pb sources are prevalent at distal sites (30-160 km). The Pb isotope methodology successfully quantified trans-Pacific transport of Pb to the AOSR superimposed over the aerosol footprint of the world's largest concentration of bitumen mining and upgrading facilities.
2010 年 2 月至 2011 年 7 月，作为空气质量源评估研究的一部分，在加拿大阿尔伯塔省阿萨巴斯卡油砂区（AOSR）的伍德布法罗环境协会伯莎·甘特·麦克凯监测站收集了环境空气颗粒物（PM）。使用顺序二分采样器收集了每日 24 小时持续时间的细颗粒物（PM）和粗颗粒物（PM）。选择了 100 对 PM 和 PM 进行铅（Pb）浓度和同位素分析。对 2008 年、2011 年和 2014 年从距离地表采矿作业最远 160 公里处采集的 250 个附生地衣样本的 Pb 同位素和浓度结果进行了分析，以检查 Pb 源贡献的长期空间变化。一个关键发现是，2010 年和 2011 年春季 PM 中识别出来自东亚的钍源 Pb。Pb/Pb 和 Pb/Pb 同位素比值用于三组分混合模型，以量化 PM 和地衣数据集本地、区域和全球 Pb 源。在 AMS-1 的 PM 中，47%±3%的 Pb 归因于来自东亚的源。PM 和 PM 的综合结果表明，来自东亚的 PM Pb 贡献（34%）超过了 AOSR 的本地 PM Pb 源（20%）、加拿大西部的 PM Pb 源（19%）以及来自浮尘的 PM Pb，包括油砂（14%）、尾矿（10%）和运输道路（3%）。地衣分析表明，在 2008-2014 年期间，区域源贡献 46%的 Pb，本地源贡献 32%，全球源贡献 22%。在近场站点（距采矿作业 0-30 公里），本地源主导大气 Pb 沉积到地衣，而在远程站点（30-160 公里），区域 Pb 源占主导地位。Pb 同位素方法成功量化了 Pb 向 AOSR 的跨太平洋传输，叠加在世界上最大的沥青矿和升级设施的气溶胶足迹之上。
