Wang Xiaoliang, Chow Judith C, Kohl Steven D, Percy Kevin E, Legge Allan H, Watson John G
a Desert Research Institute , Reno , NV , USA.
c Graduate Faculty , University of Nevada , Reno , NV , USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2015 Dec;65(12):1421-33. doi: 10.1080/10962247.2015.1100693.
Geological samples were collected from 27 representative locations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada. These samples were resuspended onto filter substrates for PM2.5 and PM10 size fractions. Samples were analyzed for 229 chemical species, consisting of elements, ions, carbon, and organic compounds. These chemical species are normalized to gravimetric mass to derive individual source profiles. Individual profiles were grouped into six categories typical of those used in emission inventories: paved road dust, unpaved road dust close to and distant from oil sand operations, overburden soil, tailings sands, and forest soils. Consistent with their geological origin, the major components are minerals, organic and elemental carbon, and ions. The sum of five major elements (i.e., Al, Si, K, Ca, and Fe) and their oxidized forms account for 25-40% and 45-82% of particulate matter (PM) mass, respectively. Si is the most abundant element, averaging 17-18% in the Facility (oil sand operations) and 23-27% in the Forest profiles. Organic carbon is the second most abundant species, averaging 9-11% in the Facility and 5-6% in the Forest profiles. Elemental carbon abundance is 2-3 times higher in Facility than Forest profiles. Sulfate abundance is ~7 times higher in the Facility than in the Forest profiles. The ratios of cation/anion and base cation (sum of Na+, Mg2+, K+, and Ca2+)/nitrogen- and sulfur-containing ions (sum of NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, and SO4(2-)) exceed unity, indicating that the soils are basic. Lead (Pb) isotope ratios of facility soils are similar to the AOSR stack and diesel emissions, while those of forest soils have much lower 206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb ratios. High-molecular-weight n-alkanes (C25-C40), hopanes, and steranes are more than an order of magnitude more abundant in Facility than Forest profiles. These differences may be useful for separating anthropogenic from natural sources of fugitive dust at receptors.
Several organic compounds typical of combustion emissions and bitumen are enriched relative to forest soils for fugitive dust sources near oil sands operations, consistent with deposition uptake by biomonitors. AOSR dust samples are alkaline, not acidic, indicating that potential acid deposition is neutralized. Chemical abundances are highly variable within emission inventory categories, implying that more specific subcategories can be defined for inventory speciation.
从加拿大艾伯塔省阿萨巴斯卡油砂地区（AOSR）的27个代表性地点采集了地质样本。将这些样本重新悬浮在用于PM2.5和PM10粒径级分的过滤基质上。对样本中的229种化学物质进行了分析，包括元素、离子、碳和有机化合物。将这些化学物质按重量法归一化以得出单个源谱。单个谱被分为排放清单中常用的六类：铺砌道路扬尘、靠近和远离油砂作业的未铺砌道路扬尘、表土、尾矿砂和森林土壤。与其地质来源一致，主要成分是矿物质、有机碳和元素碳以及离子。五种主要元素（即铝、硅、钾、钙和铁）及其氧化形式分别占颗粒物（PM）质量的25 - 40%和45 - 82%。硅是含量最丰富的元素，在设施（油砂作业）中平均占17 - 18%，在森林谱中占23 - 27%。有机碳是第二丰富的物质，在设施中平均占9 - 11%，在森林谱中占5 - 6%。设施中元素碳的丰度比森林谱高2 - 3倍。设施中硫酸盐的丰度比森林谱高约7倍。阳离子/阴离子以及碱金属阳离子（Na⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺和Ca²⁺的总和）/含氮和含硫离子（NH₄⁺、NO₂⁻、NO₃⁻和SO₄²⁻的总和）的比值超过1，表明土壤呈碱性。设施土壤的铅（Pb）同位素比值与AOSR烟囱和柴油排放的相似，而森林土壤的²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁷Pb比值则低得多。设施中高分子量正构烷烃（C25 - C40）、藿烷和甾烷的含量比森林谱高一个数量级以上。这些差异可能有助于在受体处区分人为源和自然源的扬尘。
相对于森林土壤，油砂作业附近扬尘源中几种典型的燃烧排放和沥青有机化合物含量有所富集，这与生物监测器的沉积吸收情况一致。AOSR粉尘样本呈碱性而非酸性，表明潜在的酸沉降被中和。排放清单类别内化学物质丰度变化很大，这意味着可以为清单物种分类定义更具体的子类别。
