School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University.
Sci Total Environ. 2019 Mar 1;654:1350-1357. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.025. Epub 2018 Nov 5.
Phthalates have been used as plasticizers in numerous consumer applications and therefore, their metabolites have been detected in human urine worldwide. Despite concerns regarding their potential adverse health effects, few exposure assessments have been conducted among young populations in Middle Eastern countries. In this study, children (n = 109, aged 3-9 years) were recruited from four elementary schools in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in 2017, and major phthalate metabolites were measured in their urine. Their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire on their behalf to assess potential exposure sources of phthalates. In addition to 18 phthalate metabolites, malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured in urine samples by LC/MS/MS. Among the children of Saudi Arabia, urinary levels of monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP) and monobutyl phthalate (MnBP) were higher than those reported previously in children worldwide. Monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was also detected at high levels. Several phthalate metabolites showed significant associations with the levels of MDA or 8-OHdG. Hazard quotients (HQs) derived for certain phthalates were greater than one. In particular, the HQs for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were greater than one in 34% of the participating children. Levels of monocyclohexyl phthalate (MCHP), monoisodecyl phthalate (MiDP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and mono[2-(carboxymethyl)hexyl] phthalate (MCMHP) in the urine samples were positively associated with the consumption frequency of certain foods. Very high levels of exposure to phthalates, along with positive associations with oxidative stress markers, outline the importance of follow-up investigations for identification of phthalate exposure sources and potential health implications among the young population of Saudi Arabia.
邻苯二甲酸酯被广泛用作许多消费品的增塑剂，因此在全球范围内的人类尿液中都检测到了它们的代谢物。尽管人们对它们潜在的不良健康影响表示担忧，但在中东国家的年轻人群中，很少有关于接触评估的研究。在这项研究中，2017 年从沙特阿拉伯利雅得的四所小学招募了 109 名年龄在 3-9 岁的儿童，并测量了他们尿液中的主要邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物。他们的父母代表他们完成了一份问卷，以评估邻苯二甲酸酯的潜在暴露源。除了 18 种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物外，尿液样本还通过 LC/MS/MS 测量了丙二醛 (MDA) 和 8-羟基-2'-脱氧鸟苷 (8-OHdG)。在沙特阿拉伯的儿童中，单异丁基邻苯二甲酸酯 (MiBP) 和单丁基邻苯二甲酸酯 (MnBP) 的尿液水平高于此前全球儿童的报告水平。邻苯二甲酸单乙酯 (MEP) 的水平也很高。几种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物与 MDA 或 8-OHdG 的水平呈显著相关。某些邻苯二甲酸衍生的危害商 (HQ) 大于 1。特别是，在 34%的参与儿童中，DEHP 的 HQ 大于 1。尿液样本中邻苯二甲酸单环己酯 (MCHP)、邻苯二甲酸单异壬酯 (MiDP)、邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯 (MEHP) 和邻苯二甲酸单[2-(羧甲基)己基]酯 (MCMHP) 的水平与某些食物的消费频率呈正相关。邻苯二甲酸酯的高暴露水平，以及与氧化应激标志物的正相关关系，突显了对沙特阿拉伯年轻人群进行后续调查以确定邻苯二甲酸酯暴露源和潜在健康影响的重要性。
