School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
Autoimmun Rev. 2019 May;18(5):455-475. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.006. Epub 2019 Mar 4.
The role of microorganism in human diseases cannot be ignored. These microorganisms have evolved together with humans and worked together with body's mechanism to maintain immune and metabolic function. Emerging evidence shows that gut microbe and their metabolites open up new doors for the study of human response mechanism. The complexity and interdependence of these microbe-metabolite-host interactions are rapidly being elucidated. There are various changes of microbial levels in models or in patients of various autoimmune diseases (AIDs). In addition, the relevant metabolites involved in mechanism mainly include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), and polysaccharide A (PSA). Meanwhile, the interaction between microbes and host genes is also a factor that must be considered. It has been demonstrated that human microbes are involved in the development of a variety of AIDs, including organ-specific AIDs and systemic AIDs. At the same time, microbes or related products can be used to remodel body's response to alleviate or cure diseases. This review summarizes the latest research of microbes and their related metabolites in AIDs. More importantly, it highlights novel and potential therapeutics, including fecal microbial transplantation, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Nonetheless, exact mechanisms still remain elusive, and future research will focus on finding a specific strain that can act as a biomarker of an autoimmune disease.
微生物在人类疾病中的作用不容忽视。这些微生物与人类共同进化，与人体机制协同作用，维持着免疫和代谢功能。新出现的证据表明，肠道微生物及其代谢产物为研究人类反应机制开辟了新的途径。这些微生物-代谢物-宿主相互作用的复杂性和相互依赖性正在迅速阐明。在各种自身免疫性疾病（AIDs）的模型或患者中，微生物水平都存在各种变化。此外，涉及机制的相关代谢物主要包括短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）、胆汁酸（BAs）和多糖 A（PSA）。同时，微生物与宿主基因的相互作用也是必须考虑的一个因素。已经证明，人类微生物参与了多种 AIDs 的发展，包括器官特异性 AIDs 和系统性 AIDs。同时，微生物或相关产品可以用于重塑机体的反应，以缓解或治愈疾病。本综述总结了微生物及其相关代谢物在 AIDs 中的最新研究。更重要的是，它强调了新的和潜在的治疗方法，包括粪便微生物移植、益生菌、益生元和合生菌。尽管如此，确切的机制仍不清楚，未来的研究将集中于寻找一种可以作为自身免疫性疾病生物标志物的特定菌株。
