Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2607
Department of Biology, Science 4 Life Program, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, 3584CH, The Netherlands
Genetics. 2019 Mar;211(3):797-829. doi: 10.1534/genetics.118.301643.
During animal development, a single fertilized egg forms a complete organism with tens to trillions of cells that encompass a large variety of cell types. Cell cycle regulation is therefore at the center of development and needs to be carried out in close coordination with cell differentiation, migration, and death, as well as tissue formation, morphogenesis, and homeostasis. The timing and frequency of cell divisions are controlled by complex combinations of external and cell-intrinsic signals that vary throughout development. Insight into how such controls determine cell division patterns has come from studies in various genetic model systems. The nematode has only about 1000 somatic cells and approximately twice as many germ cells in the adult hermaphrodite. Despite the relatively small number of cells, has diverse tissues, including intestine, nerves, striated and smooth muscle, and skin. is unique as a model organism for studies of the cell cycle because the somatic cell lineage is invariant. Somatic cells divide at set times during development to produce daughter cells that adopt reproducible developmental fates. Studies in have allowed the identification of conserved cell cycle regulators and provided insights into how cell cycle regulation varies between tissues. In this review, we focus on the regulation of the cell cycle in the context of development, with reference to other systems, with the goal of better understanding how cell cycle regulation is linked to animal development in general.
在动物发育过程中，一个受精卵形成一个完整的生物体，其中包含数以万计到数万亿的细胞，这些细胞包含多种不同的细胞类型。因此，细胞周期的调控处于发育的中心地位，需要与细胞分化、迁移和死亡以及组织形成、形态发生和体内平衡密切协调。细胞分裂的时间和频率由贯穿整个发育过程的外部和细胞内在信号的复杂组合来控制。对这些控制如何决定细胞分裂模式的深入了解来自于各种遗传模式生物的研究。线虫只有大约 1000 个体细胞和约两倍的生殖细胞在成年雌雄同体中。尽管细胞数量相对较少，但线虫具有多种组织，包括肠道、神经、横纹肌和平滑肌以及皮肤。线虫是研究细胞周期的独特模式生物，因为体细胞谱系是不变的。体细胞在发育过程中的特定时间分裂，产生具有可重复发育命运的子细胞。对线虫的研究鉴定了保守的细胞周期调控因子，并深入了解了细胞周期调控在不同组织之间的差异。在这篇综述中，我们将重点讨论细胞周期在 发育过程中的调控，并参考其他系统，以期更好地理解细胞周期调控与动物发育的总体联系。
