Xiong Xia, Tan Bie, Song Minho, Ji Peng, Kim Kwangwook, Yin Yulong, Liu Yanhong
Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea.
Front Vet Sci. 2019 Feb 21;6:46. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00046. eCollection 2019.
Weaning imposes simultaneous stress, resulting in reduced feed intake, and growth rate, and increased morbidity and mortality of weaned pigs. Weaning impairs the intestinal integrity, disturbs digestive and absorptive capacity, and increases the intestinal oxidative stress, and susceptibility of diseases in piglets. The improvement of intestinal development and health is critically important for enhancing nutrient digestibility capacity and disease resistance of weaned pigs, therefore, increasing their survival rate at this most vulnerable stage, and overall productive performance during later stages. A healthy gut may include but not limited several important features: a healthy proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, an integrated gut barrier function, a preferable or balanced gut microbiota, and a well-developed intestinal mucosa immunity. Burgeoning evidence suggested nutritional intervention are one of promising measures to enhance intestinal health of weaned pigs, although the exact protective mechanisms may vary and are still not completely understood. Previous research indicated that functional amino acids, such as arginine, cysteine, glutamine, or glutamate, may enhance intestinal mucosa immunity (i.e., increased sIgA secretion), reduce oxidative damage, stimulate proliferation of enterocytes, and enhance gut barrier function (i.e., enhanced expression of tight junction protein) of weaned pigs. A number of feed additives are marketed to assist in boosting intestinal immunity and regulating gut microbiota, therefore, reducing the negative impacts of weaning, and other environmental challenges on piglets. The promising results have been demonstrated in antimicrobial peptides, clays, direct-fed microbials, micro-minerals, milk components, oligosaccharides, organic acids, phytochemicals, and many other feed additives. This review summarizes our current understanding of nutritional intervention on intestinal health and development of weaned pigs and the importance of mechanistic studies focusing on this research area.
断奶会同时造成应激，导致断奶仔猪采食量和生长速度下降，发病率和死亡率增加。断奶会损害肠道完整性，扰乱消化和吸收能力，增加肠道氧化应激以及仔猪对疾病的易感性。改善肠道发育和健康对于提高断奶仔猪的养分消化能力和抗病能力至关重要，因此，可提高它们在这个最脆弱阶段的存活率以及后期的整体生产性能。健康的肠道可能包括但不限于几个重要特征：肠道上皮细胞的健康增殖、完整的肠道屏障功能、良好或平衡的肠道微生物群以及发育良好的肠道黏膜免疫。越来越多的证据表明，营养干预是增强断奶仔猪肠道健康的有前景的措施之一，尽管确切的保护机制可能各不相同且仍未完全了解。先前的研究表明，精氨酸、半胱氨酸、谷氨酰胺或谷氨酸等功能性氨基酸可能增强断奶仔猪的肠道黏膜免疫（即增加分泌型免疫球蛋白A的分泌）、减少氧化损伤、刺激肠细胞增殖并增强肠道屏障功能（即增强紧密连接蛋白的表达）。许多饲料添加剂在市场上销售，以帮助增强肠道免疫力和调节肠道微生物群，从而减少断奶及其他环境挑战对仔猪的负面影响。抗菌肽、黏土、直接投喂的微生物、微量矿物质、乳成分、低聚糖、有机酸、植物化学物质和许多其他饲料添加剂已取得了令人满意的结果。本文综述了我们目前对营养干预断奶仔猪肠道健康和发育的理解以及专注于该研究领域的机制研究的重要性。
