Goreis Andreas, Voracek Martin
Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Front Psychol. 2019 Feb 11;10:205. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00205. eCollection 2019.
In the last decade, the number of investigations of the beliefs in conspiracy theories has begun to increase in the fields of social, differential, and experimental psychology. A considerable number of variables have been suggested as predictors of conspiracy beliefs, amongst them personality factors such as low agreeableness (as disagreeableness is associated with suspicion and antagonism) and high openness to experience (due to its positive association to seek out unusual and novel ideas). The association between agreeableness, openness to experience and conspiracy beliefs remains unclear in the literature. The present study reviews the literature of psychological studies investigating conspiracy beliefs. Additionally, the association between Big Five personality factors and conspiracy beliefs is analyzed meta-analytically using random-effects models. Ninety-six studies were identified for the systematic review. A comprehensive account of predictors, consequences, operationalization, questionnaires, and most prominent conspiracy theories is presented. For meta-analysis, 74 effect sizes from 13 studies were extracted. The psychological literature on predictors of conspiracy beliefs can be divided in approaches either with a pathological (e.g., paranoia) or socio-political focus (e.g., perceived powerlessness). Generally, there is a lack of theoretical frameworks in this young area of research. Meta-analysis revealed that agreeableness, openness to experience, and the remaining Big Five personality factors were not significantly associated with conspiracy beliefs if effect sizes are aggregated. Considerable heterogeneity in designs and operationalization characterizes the field. This article provides an overview of instrumentation, study designs, and current state of knowledge in an effort toward advancement and consensus in the study of conspiracy beliefs.
在过去十年中，社会心理学、差异心理学和实验心理学领域对阴谋论信念的研究数量开始增加。大量变量被认为是阴谋论信念的预测因素，其中包括人格因素，如宜人性低（因为不随和与怀疑和敌意相关）和经验开放性高（由于其与寻求不寻常和新颖想法的正相关）。宜人性、经验开放性与阴谋论信念之间的关联在文献中仍不明确。本研究回顾了调查阴谋论信念的心理学研究文献。此外，使用随机效应模型对大五人格因素与阴谋论信念之间的关联进行了元分析。共确定了96项研究用于系统综述。本文全面介绍了预测因素、后果、操作化、问卷以及最著名的阴谋论。在元分析中，从13项研究中提取了74个效应量。关于阴谋论信念预测因素的心理学文献可分为具有病理学（如偏执）或社会政治焦点（如感知到的无力感）的研究方法。总体而言，在这个年轻的研究领域缺乏理论框架。元分析表明，如果汇总效应量，宜人性、经验开放性和其余的大五人格因素与阴谋论信念没有显著关联。该领域的特点是设计和操作化存在相当大的异质性。本文概述了研究手段、研究设计和当前的知识状态，以期推动阴谋论信念研究的发展并达成共识。
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