Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
Rev Environ Health. 2019 Mar 26;34(1):25-34. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2018-0037.
This review evaluates the sources of lead exposure worldwide. Studies from searches relating to sources of lead exposure in various countries within different regional zones were reviewed. Results indicated that in Nigeria, exposure sources include electronic waste, paint and batteries. In Mexico exposure sources include glazed ceramics, lead contaminated utensils and lead contaminated water, for India lead sources include cosmetics and traditional medicines. Sources of lead exposure in China include e-waste, traditional medicines and industrial emissions. In France, exposure sources included lead paint from older homes, imported ceramics and cosmetics and industrial emissions. Australia's exposure sources include paint, dust, imported toys and traditional medicines. Finally, in the United States exposure sources included paint, the industrial legacy of lead exposure and batteries. In high-income countries (HICs) the legacy of lead exposure keeps populations continuously exposed. In lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs), in addition to the legacy of lead exposure, lack of regulations or the inability to enforce regulations keeps populations exposed. In all, evidence suggests that lead exposure remains an issue of public health significance in both HIC and LMIC.
本综述评估了全球范围内铅暴露的来源。对来自不同地区不同国家与铅暴露来源相关的研究进行了回顾。结果表明，在尼日利亚，接触铅的来源包括电子废物、油漆和电池。在墨西哥，接触铅的来源包括釉面陶瓷、受污染的餐具和受污染的水；在印度，接触铅的来源包括化妆品和传统药物。中国的铅暴露源包括电子废物、传统药物和工业排放物。在法国，接触铅的来源包括旧房屋中的含铅油漆、进口陶瓷和化妆品以及工业排放物。澳大利亚的铅暴露源包括油漆、灰尘、进口玩具和传统药物。最后，在美国，接触铅的来源包括油漆、工业铅暴露的遗留物和电池。在高收入国家（HICs），铅暴露的遗留问题使人群持续暴露。在中低收入国家（LMICs），除了铅暴露的遗留问题外，缺乏法规或无法执行法规也使人群暴露于铅。总之，有证据表明，铅暴露在高收入和中低收入国家都是一个具有公共卫生意义的问题。
