Verkhnyatskaya Stella, Ferrari Michela, de Vos Paul, Walvoort Marthe T C
Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Front Microbiol. 2019 Feb 25;10:343. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00343. eCollection 2019.
Natural polysaccharides with health benefits are characterized by a large structural diversity and differ in building blocks, linkages, and lengths. They contribute to human health by functioning as anti-adhesives preventing pathogen adhesion, stimulate immune maturation and gut barrier function, and serve as fermentable substrates for gut bacteria. Examples of such beneficial carbohydrates include the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Also, specific non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs), such as galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are being produced with this purpose in mind, and are currently added to infant formula to stimulate the healthy development of the newborn. They mimic some functions of HMO, but not all. Therefore, many research efforts focus on identification and production of novel types of NDCs. In this review, we give an overview of the few NDCs currently available [GOS, FOS, polydextrose (PDX)], and outline the potential of alternative oligosaccharides, such as pectins, (arabino)xylo-oligosaccharides, and microbial exopolysaccharides (EPS). Moreover, state-of-the-art techniques to generate novel types of dietary glycans, including sialylated GOS (Sia-GOS) and galactosylated chitin, are presented as a way to obtain novel prebiotic NDCs that help shaping the infant microbiome.
具有健康益处的天然多糖具有高度的结构多样性，其组成单元、连接方式和长度各不相同。它们通过充当抗黏附剂来防止病原体黏附，刺激免疫成熟和肠道屏障功能，并作为肠道细菌的可发酵底物，从而对人类健康做出贡献。这类有益碳水化合物的例子包括人乳寡糖（HMOs）。此外，特定的非消化性碳水化合物（NDCs），如低聚半乳糖（GOS）和低聚果糖（FOS），正是出于这个目的而生产的，目前已添加到婴儿配方奶粉中以促进新生儿的健康发育。它们模拟了HMO的一些功能，但并非全部。因此，许多研究工作都集中在新型NDCs的鉴定和生产上。在这篇综述中，我们概述了目前可用的几种NDCs [GOS、FOS、聚葡萄糖（PDX）]，并概述了替代寡糖的潜力，如果胶、（阿拉伯）木寡糖和微生物胞外多糖（EPS）。此外，还介绍了生成新型膳食聚糖的先进技术，包括唾液酸化GOS（Sia-GOS）和半乳糖化几丁质，作为获得有助于塑造婴儿微生物群的新型益生元NDCs的一种方法。
