a Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology , University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(9):1486-1497. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1414030. Epub 2018 Jan 15.
Human milk (HM) is the golden standard for nutrition of newborn infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are abundantly present in HM and exert multiple beneficial functions, such as support of colonization of the gut microbiota, reduction of pathogenic infections and support of immune development. HMO-composition is during lactation continuously adapted by the mother to accommodate the needs of the neonate. Unfortunately, for many valid reasons not all neonates can be fed with HM and are either totally or partly fed with cow-milk derived infant formulas, which do not contain HMOs. These cow-milk formulas are supplemented with non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) that have functional effects similar to that of some HMOs, since production of synthetic HMOs is challenging and still very expensive. However, NDCs cannot substitute all HMO functions. More efficacious NDCs may be developed and customized for specific groups of neonates such as pre-matures and allergy prone infants. Here current knowledge of HMO functions in the neonate in view of possible replacement of HMOs by NDCs in infant formulas is reviewed. Furthermore, methods to expedite identification of suitable NDCs and structure/function relationships are reviewed as studies in babies are impossible.
人乳（HM）是新生儿营养的黄金标准。人乳低聚糖（HMOs）在 HM 中大量存在，并发挥多种有益功能，例如支持肠道微生物定植、减少病原性感染和支持免疫发育。HM 的组成在哺乳期内不断被母亲适应，以适应新生儿的需求。不幸的是，由于多种合理原因，并非所有新生儿都可以用人乳喂养，而是完全或部分用人乳衍生的婴儿配方奶粉喂养，这些配方奶粉不含 HMOs。这些牛奶配方奶粉中添加了不可消化的碳水化合物（NDCs），它们具有与某些 HMOs 相似的功能作用，因为生产合成 HMOs 具有挑战性，而且仍然非常昂贵。然而，NDCs 不能替代所有 HMO 的功能。可以为早产儿和易过敏婴儿等特定群体开发和定制更有效的 NDCs。本文综述了目前关于 HMO 在新生儿中的功能的知识，以及在婴儿配方奶粉中用 NDCs 替代 HMO 的可能性。此外，还回顾了加速鉴定合适的 NDCs 及其结构/功能关系的方法，因为在婴儿中进行研究是不可能的。
