Houssemand Claude, Meyers Raymond, Pignault Anne
ECCS, Institute for LifeLong Learning and Guidance, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
Psychology & Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France.
Front Psychol. 2019 Feb 28;10:383. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00383. eCollection 2019.
Perceived control plays an important role in the understanding of people's experiences with unemployment and reemployment. Yet, no scale has been designed specifically to measure people's perceived control in an unemployment situation. In the current study, using two independent samples with 1,009 and 831 unemployed people in France and Luxembourg, respectively, we created and tested a three-dimensional Perceived Control in Unemployment Scale that was based on Levenson's (1973, 1981) theory. An exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) and a confirmatory factor analysis (Study 2) showed that the data were consistent with the theoretically postulated three-factor model. In addition, we established convergent and discriminant validity with several adaptive and non-adaptive dimensions in two independent samples of 141 unemployed people and 384 recently unemployed people in Luxembourg (Studies 3 and 4, respectively). Perceived control did not change over a period of 6 months of unemployment, yet the three types of perceived control measured at the beginning of unemployment predicted employment status 6 months later. Unemployed people with perceptions of internal control or control from powerful others found jobs more quickly, whereas the perception that chance was the controlling factor predicted longer unemployment.
感知控制在理解人们的失业和再就业经历中起着重要作用。然而，尚未专门设计出一种量表来测量人们在失业情况下的感知控制。在当前的研究中，我们分别使用了来自法国和卢森堡的两个独立样本，样本量分别为1009名和831名失业者，我们创建并测试了一个基于莱文森（1973年，1981年）理论的三维失业感知控制量表。探索性因素分析（研究1）和验证性因素分析（研究2）表明，数据与理论假设的三因素模型一致。此外，我们在卢森堡的两个独立样本中，分别对141名失业者和384名近期失业者进行了研究（分别为研究3和研究4），通过几个适应性和非适应性维度建立了聚合效度和区分效度。在6个月的失业期间，感知控制没有变化，但在失业开始时测量的三种感知控制类型预测了6个月后的就业状况。认为内部控制或来自有影响力他人的控制的失业者更快找到了工作，而认为机会是控制因素的则预示着更长的失业时间。
