Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis.
Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2019 Dec;45(12):2267-2289. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000699. Epub 2019 Mar 18.
The present experiments investigated the influence of combined phonological and semantic information on lexical retrieval, metacognitive retrieval states, and selection in an immediate multiple-choice task. Younger and older adults attempted to retrieve words (e.g., abdicate) from low-frequency word definitions. Retrieval was preceded by primes that were "both" semantically and phonologically related (e.g., abandon), phonologically related (e.g., abdomen), semantically related (e.g., resign), or unrelated (e.g., pink). Younger and older adults benefited from phonological primes in retrieval, and also showed reduced, but reliable, facilitation from "both" primes. Younger and older adults also indicated that they were likely to "know" the answer more often after any related primes compared with unrelated primes. Because there was no facilitation in actual retrieval after semantic primes, this reflects a false "knowing" response. After each retrieval attempt, participants were given the correct answer along with the 4 primes in a multiple-choice test. Both younger and older adults were likely to false alarm to the "both" and semantic alternatives. When instructed that the prime was not the answer, younger adults decreased their false alarms, but not the older adults. With masked, briefly presented primes, younger adults mimicked the false alarms shown by older adults, suggesting that the high false alarm rates in older adults reflect an inability to discriminate the source of activation. The present experiments provide strong evidence for age-invariant phonological facilitation, and also suggest that overlapping semantic information moderates the facilitatory effect of phonological information on retrieval, and also produces age-related differences on an immediate multiple-choice task. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
本实验研究了在即时多项选择任务中，语音和语义信息的组合对词汇检索、元认知检索状态和选择的影响。年轻和年长的成年人试图从低频单词定义中检索单词（例如 abdicate）。在检索之前，会出现“同时”在语义和语音上相关的（例如 abandon）、在语音上相关的（例如 abdomen）、在语义上相关的（例如 resign）或不相关的（例如 pink）的提示词。年轻和年长的成年人在检索中都受益于语音提示词，并且也显示出从“同时”提示词中减少但可靠的促进作用。年轻和年长的成年人也表示，与不相关的提示词相比，他们更有可能在任何相关提示词后“知道”答案。由于语义提示词后实际检索中没有促进作用，这反映了一种错误的“知道”反应。在每次检索尝试后，参与者在多项选择测试中获得正确答案以及 4 个提示词。年轻和年长的成年人都更有可能对“同时”和语义替代词产生误报。当被告知提示词不是答案时，年轻成年人减少了他们的误报，但年长成年人没有。在掩蔽、短暂呈现的提示词下，年轻成年人模仿了年长成年人的误报，这表明年长成年人的高误报率反映了他们无法区分激活的来源。本实验为语音促进作用的年龄不变性提供了强有力的证据，也表明重叠的语义信息调节了语音信息对检索的促进作用，并在即时多项选择任务中产生了与年龄相关的差异。（心理学信息数据库记录（c）2019APA，保留所有权利）。
