Kraemer Michael, Boehmer Anna, Madea Burkhard, Maas Alexandra
University of Bonn, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
Forensic Sci Int. 2019 May;298:186-267. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.021. Epub 2019 Feb 25.
In the last decades, more and more new psychoactive substances (NPS) were introduced on the drug market which were sold as "legal" alternatives for classic drugs and misused medications. Due to an increased number of available substances and a growing utilization by users of common drugs but also by inexperienced users because of the supposed "legal" status, also undesired adverse effects of these NPS, at worst leading to death, became apparent. This review summarizes fatalities previously described in scientific literature which were attributed to the use of NPS or such cases, in which intake of NPS was proven or even assumed to contribute to death. This summary includes an overview of substances involved (particularly synthetic cannabinoids ("spice"), novel opioids and synthetic cathinones ("bath salts")) as well as of postmortem concentrations determined in various biological matrices. The compiled data assist forensic toxicologists with the interpretation of death cases involving NPS.
在过去几十年里，越来越多的新型精神活性物质（NPS）进入毒品市场，这些物质作为传统毒品和滥用药物的“合法”替代品出售。由于可用物质数量增加，以及普通毒品使用者数量不断增长，而且由于所谓的“合法”地位，无经验使用者也增多，这些新型精神活性物质的不良副作用（最严重时会导致死亡）也变得明显起来。本综述总结了科学文献中先前描述的因使用新型精神活性物质导致的死亡案例，或者在这些案例中，新型精神活性物质的摄入被证实甚至被认为与死亡有关。该总结包括所涉及物质的概述（特别是合成大麻素（“香料”）、新型阿片类药物和合成卡西酮（“浴盐”））以及在各种生物基质中测定的死后浓度。汇编的数据有助于法医毒理学家解读涉及新型精神活性物质的死亡案例。
