Children Health Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
J Neuroimmunol. 2019 Jul 15;332:16-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.03.012. Epub 2019 Mar 20.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later studies showed their involvement in the recognition of various damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated by host itself. Thus, TLRs are capable of recognizing wide-array of patterns/molecules derived from pathogens and host as well and initiating a proinflammatory immune response through the activation of NF-κB and other transcription factors causing synthesis of proinflammatory molecules. The process of neuroinflammation is seen under both sterile and infectious inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) and may lead to the development of neurodegeneration. The present article is designed to highlight the importance of TLRs in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation under diverse conditions. TLRs are expressed by various immune cells present in CNS along with neurons. However out of thirteen TLRs described in mammals, some are present and active in these cells, while some are absent and are described in detail in main text. The role of various immune cells present in the brain and their role in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation depending on the type of TLR expressed is described. Thereafter the role of TLRs in bacterial meningitis, viral encephalitis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and autoimmune disease including multiple sclerosis (MS) is described. The article is designed for both neuroscientists needing information regarding TLRs in neuroinflammation and TLR biologists or immunologists interested in neuroinflammation.
Toll 样受体（TLRs）是被发现的关键模式识别受体（PRRs），参与识别病原体相关分子模式（PAMPs）。后来的研究表明，它们还参与识别宿主自身产生的各种损伤/危险相关分子模式（DAMPs）。因此，TLRs 能够识别来自病原体和宿主的广泛模式/分子，并通过激活 NF-κB 和其他转录因子引发促炎免疫反应，导致促炎分子的合成。在中枢神经系统（CNS）的无菌和感染性炎症性疾病中都可以看到神经炎症过程，并且可能导致神经退行性变的发展。本文旨在强调 TLRs 在各种情况下神经炎症发病机制中的重要性。TLRs 由 CNS 中存在的各种免疫细胞以及神经元表达。然而，在哺乳动物中描述的 13 种 TLR 中，有些在这些细胞中存在并具有活性，而有些则不存在，并在正文中详细描述。描述了存在于大脑中的各种免疫细胞的作用以及它们根据表达的 TLR 类型在神经炎症发病机制中的作用。然后描述了 TLRs 在细菌性脑膜炎、病毒性脑炎、中风、阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病（PD）和包括多发性硬化症（MS）在内的自身免疫性疾病中的作用。本文面向需要有关神经炎症中 TLRs 信息的神经科学家以及对神经炎症感兴趣的 TLR 生物学家或免疫学家。
