Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , The Hong Kong Polytechnic University , Kowloon , Hong Kong.
The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , Bioproduction Research Institute , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8566 , Japan.
Environ Sci Technol. 2019 May 7;53(9):5111-5123. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01409. Epub 2019 Apr 18.
In recent years, many life-cycle assessments (LCAs) have been applied to the field of sewage treatment (ST). However, most LCAs lack systematic data collection (DC) and processing methods for inventories of conventional ST (CST), much less for recently developed technologies. In addition, the use of site-generic databases results in LCAs that lack the representativeness and understanding of the regional environmental impacts and trade-offs between different impact categories, especially nutrient enrichment and toxicity-related categories. These shortcomings make comparative evaluation and implementation more challenging. In order to assist in the decision-making process, a novel stoichiometric life-cycle inventory (S-LCI) for ST was developed. In the S-LCI, biochemical pathways derived from elemental analyses combined with process-engineering calculations enable steady-state comparison of the water, air, and soil emissions of any sewage and sludge sample treated through the ST configurations analyzed herein. The DC required for the estimation of the foreground data for a CST is summarized in a 41-item checklist. Moreover, the S-LCI was validated for CST by comparing the S-LCI with actual ST plant operations performed in Hong Kong. A novel energy-derived ST inventory is developed and compared here with the CST. The resulting inventories are ready to be integrated into the SimaPro software for life cycle impact assessment as illustrated by the case study. Using the S-LCI not only helps to standardize the DC and processing, but it also enhances the level of specificity by using sample characterization and site-specific data. The EcoInvent database, which contains a single sample characterization per Swiss and global average ST plant class could be expanded by using the S-LCI.
近年来，许多生命周期评估（LCA）已应用于污水处理（ST）领域。然而，大多数 LCA 缺乏对常规 ST（CST）清单的系统数据收集（DC）和处理方法，更不用说最近开发的技术了。此外，使用现场通用数据库会导致 LCA 缺乏对区域环境影响和不同影响类别之间权衡的代表性和理解，特别是营养物质富集和毒性相关类别。这些缺点使得比较评估和实施更加具有挑战性。为了协助决策过程，开发了一种新的污水处理的计量生命周期清单（S-LCI）。在 S-LCI 中，源自元素分析的生化途径与过程工程计算相结合，使任何污水和污泥样本在经过本文分析的 ST 配置处理后的水、气和土壤排放的稳态比较成为可能。CST 前景点估计所需的 DC 汇总在一个 41 项清单中。此外，通过将 S-LCI 与在香港进行的实际 ST 工厂运行进行比较，对 CST 进行了 S-LCI 验证。本文还开发了一种新型基于能源的 ST 清单，并将其与 CST 进行了比较。如案例研究所示，由此产生的清单已准备好集成到 SimaPro 软件中进行生命周期影响评估。使用 S-LCI 不仅有助于标准化 DC 和处理，而且通过使用样品特征化和现场特定数据来提高特异性水平。EcoInvent 数据库包含每个瑞士和全球平均 ST 工厂类别的单个样品特征化，可以使用 S-LCI 进行扩展。
