Multimodality approach to pericardial imaging.

In this chapter, three modalities--computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, and echocardiography--have been discussed. Each of these techniques offers unique advantages in the diagnosis of pericardial disease. Although echocardiography is the least expensive, most sensitive, and least invasive technique for the identification of pericardial effusion, false-positive and negative studies may be encountered. These are often resolved with the use of computed tomography and may be resolved with magnetic resonance imaging. Plain film radiography still has the advantage of identifying pericardial calcifications and will suggest the diagnosis of large pleural effusions at low cost and radiation dose. Exquisite portrayal of cross section anatomy using CT will aid in the diagnosis of multiple small tumor deposits and will clearly identify pericardial thickening. The value of magnetic resonance imaging awaits carefully controlled blinded studies, but its role in characterization of the content of pericardial effusions appears especially promising.