CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; University of Navarra, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, IDISNA, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
Clin Nutr. 2020 Mar;39(3):853-861. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.03.018. Epub 2019 Mar 21.
BACKGROUND & AIMS: Few studies have compared micronutrient intake and fulfilment of average requirements (EAR) in non-diabetic, pre-diabetic and diabetic adults at high cardiovascular risk. We assessed these variables in a large sample of participants in the PREDIMED-PLUS randomized trial of primary cardiovascular prevention with diet and physical activity.
Baseline assessment of nutritional adequacy in n = 5792 men and women, aged 55-75 years, with overweight/obesity and some metabolic syndrome features.
Participants were categorised as non-diabetic (n = 2390), pre-diabetic (n = 1322) or diabetic (n = 2080) by standard criteria. Food and nutrient intake were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Micronutrients examined were vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, A, C, D, E and folic acid; Ca, K, P, Mg, Fe, Se, Cr, Zn, and iodine. The proportion of micronutrient inadequacy was evaluated using the EAR or adequate intake (AI) cut-offs. Diet quality was also determined using a 17-item energy-restricted Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) questionnaire.
Compared to non-diabetic participants, those with pre-diabetes had lower intakes of total carbohydrates (CHO) and higher intakes of total fat and saturated fatty acids (SFA) and were more likely to be below EAR for folic, while diabetic participants had lower intakes of total CHO and higher intakes of protein, total fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, SFA and cholesterol and were less likely to be below EAR for vitamins B2, and B6, Ca, Zn and iodine. Diabetic participants disclosed higher adherence to the MedDiet than the other two groups.
Older Mediterranean individuals with metabolic syndrome and diabetes had better nutrient adequacy and adherence to the MedDiet than those with pre-diabetes or no diabetes.
很少有研究比较过非糖尿病、糖尿病前期和糖尿病高心血管风险成人的微量营养素摄入和平均需求量（EAR）的达标情况。我们在 PREDIMED-PLUS 随机临床试验中评估了这些变量，该试验是关于饮食和体育活动对一级心血管预防的影响。
在 n=5792 名年龄在 55-75 岁、超重/肥胖且有一些代谢综合征特征的男性和女性的基线评估中，评估营养充足性。
参与者根据标准标准分为非糖尿病（n=2390）、糖尿病前期（n=1322）或糖尿病（n=2080）。使用经过验证的食物频率问卷评估食物和营养素的摄入量。检查的微量营养素包括维生素 B1、B2、B3、B6、B12、A、C、D、E 和叶酸；Ca、K、P、Mg、Fe、Se、Cr、Zn 和碘。使用 EAR 或适宜摄入量（AI）的截止值评估微量营养素不足的比例。还使用 17 项能量限制地中海饮食（MedDiet）问卷来确定饮食质量。
与非糖尿病参与者相比，糖尿病前期患者的总碳水化合物（CHO）摄入量较低，总脂肪和饱和脂肪酸（SFA）摄入量较高，并且更有可能低于叶酸的 EAR，而糖尿病患者的总 CHO 摄入量较低，蛋白质、总脂肪、单不饱和脂肪酸、SFA 和胆固醇摄入量较高，并且更有可能低于维生素 B2、B6、Ca、Zn 和碘的 EAR。与其他两组相比，糖尿病参与者对 MedDiet 的依从性更高。
与患有糖尿病前期或没有糖尿病的患者相比，患有代谢综合征和糖尿病的年龄较大的地中海人具有更好的营养充足性和对 MedDiet 的依从性。
